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<p>4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL) is a key enzyme linking the phenylpropanoic acid pathway and the specific lignin synthesis pathway. It mainly catalyzes cinnamic acid to generate the corresponding cinnamic acid-CoA ester, and serves as a regulatory point for the metabolic flow in the synthesis of lignin and other phenylpropanoid compounds. This enzyme mainly exists in higher plants, yeasts, and fungi. Studying this enzyme can help explore the metabolic mechanism of lignin deposition during the development of various biological cells.</p>

<p>Glucose-6-phosphate (6PG) is an intermediate product of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, widely existing in animals, plants, and microorganisms. In the first step of glycolysis, glucose is catalyzed by hexokinase to form glucose-6-phosphate, which is then catalyzed by phosphoglucose isomerase to form fructose-6-phosphate to proceed with other steps of glycolysis. In the pentose phosphate pathway, glucose-6-phosphate is its first substrate, and this process is also the main pathway for NADPH generation. In addition, glucose-6-phosphate can be converted into glycogen or starch for storage.</p>

<p>Glucose-6-phosphate (6PG) is an intermediate product of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, widely existing in animals, plants, and microorganisms. In the first step of glycolysis, glucose is catalyzed by hexokinase to form glucose-6-phosphate, which is then catalyzed by phosphoglucose isomerase to form fructose-6-phosphate to proceed with other steps of glycolysis. In the pentose phosphate pathway, glucose-6-phosphate is its first substrate, and this process is also the main pathway for NADPH generation. In addition, glucose-6-phosphate can be converted into glycogen or starch for storage.</p>

<p>In the pentose phosphate pathway, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6PGDH sequentially catalyze the synthesis of NADPH, which is closely related to energy balance, growth rate, and cell viability. In addition, 6PGDH plays an important role in stress physiology.</p>

<p>In the pentose phosphate pathway, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6PGDH sequentially catalyze the synthesis of NADPH, which is closely related to energy balance, growth rate, and cell viability. In addition, 6PGDH plays an important role in stress physiology.</p>

<p>Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA in organisms, and it is a key enzyme in the synthesis of fatty acids and many secondary metabolites. To a certain extent, the activity of ACC determines the synthesis rate of fatty acids and the level of oil content.</p>

<p>Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA in organisms, and it is a key enzyme in the synthesis of fatty acids and many secondary metabolites. To a certain extent, the activity of ACC determines the synthesis rate of fatty acids and the level of oil content.</p>

<p>Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) (EC 1.2.1.10) is a type of aldehyde dehydrogenase, which widely exists in various animals, plants and microorganisms. Its main function is to oxidize acetaldehyde into acetic acid, playing a major role in alcohol metabolism. In humans and many animals, mitochondrial acetaldehyde dehydrogenase can convert alcohols that are harmful to organisms, so acetaldehyde dehydrogenase has received great attention in cell detoxification research. At the same time, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase has been widely studied and applied in molecular biology and the detection of related diseases.</p>

<p>Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) (EC 1.2.1.10) is a type of aldehyde dehydrogenase, which widely exists in various animals, plants and microorganisms. Its main function is to oxidize acetaldehyde into acetic acid, playing a major role in alcohol metabolism. In humans and many animals, mitochondrial acetaldehyde dehydrogenase can convert alcohols that are harmful to organisms, so acetaldehyde dehydrogenase has received great attention in cell detoxification research. At the same time, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase has been widely studied and applied in molecular biology and the detection of related diseases.</p>

<p>Acetyl-CoA widely exists in animals, plants, microorganisms and cultured cells, and it is an important intermediate metabolite produced during the metabolism of energy substances in organisms. It is a pivotal substance in the metabolism of energy substances in the body. The three major nutrients, namely carbohydrates, fats and proteins, converge through acetyl-CoA into a common metabolic pathway - the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, through which they are completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy for ATP synthesis. In addition, acetyl-CoA is a precursor substance for the synthesis of physiological active substances such as fatty acids, ketone bodies, cholesterol and their derivatives.</p>

<p>Acetyl-CoA widely exists in animals, plants, microorganisms and cultured cells, and it is an important intermediate metabolite produced during the metabolism of energy substances in organisms. It is a pivotal substance in the metabolism of energy substances in the body. The three major nutrients, namely carbohydrates, fats and proteins, converge through acetyl-CoA into a common metabolic pathway - the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, through which they are completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy for ATP synthesis. In addition, acetyl-CoA is a precursor substance for the synthesis of physiological active substances such as fatty acids, ketone bodies, cholesterol and their derivatives.</p>

<p>Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) belongs to serine hydrolases, which widely exists in various animal tissues and serum. Ach catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (Ach) and plays an important role in the regulation of nerve conduction.</p>

<p>Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) belongs to serine hydrolases, which widely exists in various animal tissues and serum. Ach catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (Ach) and plays an important role in the regulation of nerve conduction.</p>

<p>Acid Phosphatase (ACP) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphomonoesters into inorganic phosphate under acidic conditions. It is commonly found in the lysosomes of macrophages and is often used as an auxiliary diagnostic tool for prostate cancer.</p>

<p>Acid Phosphatase (ACP) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphomonoesters into inorganic phosphate under acidic conditions. It is commonly found in the lysosomes of macrophages and is often used as an auxiliary diagnostic tool for prostate cancer.</p>

<p>Acidic Proteinase (ACP) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins in an acidic environment. This enzyme is mainly used in alcohol fermentation, beer brewing, fur softening, fruit wine clarification, soy sauce brewing, feed production, and other fields.</p>

<p>Acidic Proteinase (ACP) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins in an acidic environment. This enzyme is mainly used in alcohol fermentation, beer brewing, fur softening, fruit wine clarification, soy sauce brewing, feed production, and other fields.</p>

<p>Acidic Xylanase (ACX) (EC 3.2.1.8) is mainly produced by microorganisms and can catalyze the hydrolysis of xylan. Also known as pentosanase or hemicellulase, it can decompose the cell walls of raw materials and β-glucan in the brewing or feed industry, reduce the viscosity of materials in brewing, promote the release of effective substances, lower non-starch polysaccharides in feed, and enhance the absorption and utilization of nutrients. Therefore, it is widely used in the brewing and feed industries. ACX is generally isolated from acid-tolerant fungi, bacteria, and some molds.</p>

<p>Acidic Xylanase (ACX) (EC 3.2.1.8) is mainly produced by microorganisms and can catalyze the hydrolysis of xylan. Also known as pentosanase or hemicellulase, it can decompose the cell walls of raw materials and β-glucan in the brewing or feed industry, reduce the viscosity of materials in brewing, promote the release of effective substances, lower non-starch polysaccharides in feed, and enhance the absorption and utilization of nutrients. Therefore, it is widely used in the brewing and feed industries. ACX is generally isolated from acid-tolerant fungi, bacteria, and some molds.</p>

<p>Acetate kinase (ACK) mainly exists in microorganisms and catalyzes the conversion of acetate and ATP into acetyl phosphate and ADP. It is a key enzyme in bacterial carbon metabolism and energy metabolism, and plays a central role especially in the methanogenic metabolism of archaea.</p>