ELK Promotion

<p>The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a Class C G-protein coupled receptor which senses extracellular levels of calcium ion. In the parathyroid gland, the calcium-sensing receptor controls calcium homeostasis by regulating the release of parathyroid hormone.</p>

<p>The beta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels contributes to the function of the calcium channel by increasing peak calcium current, shifting the voltage dependencies of activation and inactivation.</p>

<p>Cav γ2 regulates the trafficking and gating properties of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors (AMPARs). Promotes their targeting to the cell membrane and synapses and modulates their gating properties by slowing their rates of activation, deactivation and desensitization.</p>

<p>The γ subunit is an integral membrane protein. The γ family consists of at least 8 members, which share a number of common structural features. CaVγ subunits inhibit CaV channel activity and modulate its activation and inactivation kinetics.</p>

<p>Elongation factor 1-alpha 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1A2 gene. This gene encodes an isoform of the alpha subunit of the elongation factor-1 complex, which is responsible for the enzymatic delivery of aminoacyl tRNAs to the ribosome.</p>

<p>The γ subunit is an integral membrane protein. The γ family consists of at least 8 members, which share a number of common structural features. CaVγ subunits inhibit CaV channel activity and modulate its activation and inactivation kinetics.</p>

<p>The γ subunit is an integral membrane protein. The γ family consists of at least 8 members, which share a number of common structural features. CaVγ subunits inhibit CaV channel activity and modulate its activation and inactivation kinetics.</p>

<p>Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] also known as superoxide dismutase 1 or SOD1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SOD1 gene, located on chromosome 21. SOD1 is one of three human superoxide dismutases.</p>

<p>Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (also called phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases, PI 3-kinases, PI(3)Ks, PI-3Ks or by the HUGO official stem symbol for the gene family, PI3K(s)) are a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival and intracellular trafficking, which in turn are involved in cancer.</p>

<p>GAL4 is a transcriptional activator which controls the expression of genes involved in the catabolism of galactose.</p>

<p>The GAL4 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the most thoroughly characterized transcriptional activators. Since the N-terminal 147 amino acid residues of GAL4 are sufficient to mediate specific and strong binding to DNA.</p>

<p>The LexA protein of Escherichia coli is a transcriptional repressor regulating approximately 20 genes, many of which are involved in DNA repair (SOS response). It binds with variable affinity to single, double, or even triple-operators via its amino-terminal domain that contains three alpha-helices spanning residues.</p>

<p>Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (also called phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases, PI 3-kinases, PI(3)Ks, PI-3Ks or by the HUGO official stem symbol for the gene family, PI3K(s)) are a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival and intracellular trafficking, which in turn are involved in cancer.</p>

<p>Signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates signaling by type I IFNs (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta). Following type I IFN binding to cell surface receptors, Jak kinases (TYK2 and JAK1) are activated, leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2.</p>

<p>PI3 Kinase P85β mediating the association of the p110 catalytic unit to the plasma membrane.</p>

<p>Superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial, also known as SOD2, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the SOD2 gene. This gene is a member of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. It encodes a mitochondrial matrix protein that forms a homotetramer and binds one manganese ion per subunit.</p>

<p>Inhibits the activity of dimeric NF-kappa-B/REL complexes by trapping REL dimers in the cytoplasm through masking of their nuclear localization signals. IκBα phosphorylation and resulting Rel-dependent transcription are activated by a highly diverse group of extracellular signals including inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines.</p>

<p>Calnexin is a chaperone, characterized by assisting protein folding and quality control, ensuring that only properly folded and assembled proteins proceed further along the secretory pathway. Calnexin is a integral protein (that appears variously as a 90kDa, 80kDa or 75kDa band on western blotting depending on the source of the antibody) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It consists of a large (50 kDa) N-terminal calcium-binding lumenal domain, a single transmembrane helix and a short (90 residues), acidic cytoplasmic tail.</p>

<p>A-Raf, B-Raf, and c-Raf (Raf-1) are the main effectors recruited by GTP-bound Ras to activate the MEK-MAP kinase pathway. C-Raf is a member of the Raf kinase family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases, from the TKL (Tyrosine-kinase-like) group of kinases.</p>

<p>p70 S6 kinase is a mitogen activated Ser/Thr protein kinase that is required for cell growth and G1 cell cycle progression. Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. S6 kinase subfamily.</p>

<p>AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is highly conserved from yeast to plants and animals and plays a key role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. AMPK is a heterotrimeric complex composed of a catalytic α subunit and regulatory β and γ subunits, each of which is encoded by two or three distinct genes (α1, 2; β1, 2; γ1, 2, 3).</p>

<p>MEK1 and MEK2, also called MAPK or Erk kinases, are dual-specificity protein kinases that function in a mitogen activated protein kinase cascade controlling cell growth and differentiation. Catalyzes the concomitant phosphorylation of a threonine and a tyrosine residue in a Thr-Glu-Tyr sequence located in MAP kinases. Activates ERK1 and ERK2 MAP kinases.</p>

<p>MEK1 and MEK2, also called MAPK or Erk kinases, are dual-specificity protein kinases that function in a mitogen activated protein kinase cascade controlling cell growth and differentiation. Catalyzes the concomitant phosphorylation of a threonine and a tyrosine residue in a Thr-Glu-Tyr sequence located in MAP kinases. Activates ERK1 and ERK2 MAP kinases.</p>

<p>Caspase-3 (CPP-32, Apoptain, Yama, SCA-1) is a critical executioner of apoptosis, as it is either partially or totally responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of many key proteins such as the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP).</p>

<p>Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP2K5 gene.The protein encoded by this gene is a dual specificity protein kinase that belongs to the MAP kinase kinase family. This kinase specifically interacts with and activates MAPK7/ERK5.</p>

<p>Hydroxyacid oxidase (glycolate oxidase) 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAO1 gene. This gene is one of three related genes that have 2-hydroxyacid oxidase activity yet differ in encoded protein amino acid sequence, tissue expression and substrate preference.</p>

<p>Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily members are critical regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation, developmental patterning and morphogenesis, and disease pathogenesis. Many cells synthesize TGFB1 and have specific receptors for it. It positively and negatively regulates many other growth factors.</p>

<p>Caspase-8 is a caspase protein, encoded by the CASP8 gene. It most likely acts upon caspase-3. Activated caspase-8 cleaves and activates downstream effector caspases such as caspase-1, -3, -6, and -7.</p>

<p>STAT1 is a member of the Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription family of transcription factors. STAT1 is involved in upregulating genes due to a signal by either type I, type II, or type III interferons.</p>

<p>In the field of molecular biology, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptor proteins that function as transcription factors regulating the expression of genes.</p>

<p>Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is well known as one of the key enzymes involved in glycolysis. GAPDH is constitutively expressed in almost all tissues at high levels, therefore antibodies against GAPDH are useful as loading controls for Western Blotting. Some physiological factors, such as hypoxia and diabetes, increase GAPDH expression in certain cell types.</p>

<p>α-Actinin belongs to the spectrin family of cytoskeletal proteins. α-Actinin is necessary for the attachment of actin filaments to the Z-lines in skeletal muscle cells, and to the dense bodies in smooth muscle cells. The functional protein is an anti-parallel dimer, which cross-links the thin filaments in adjacent sarcomeres, and therefore coordinated contractions between sarcomeres in the horizontal axis.</p>

<p>5' AMP-activated protein kinase or AMPK or 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase is an enzyme that plays a role in cellular energy homeostasis.</p>

<p>Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAT5A gene.Stat5a and Stat5b are independently regulated and activated in various cell types. For instance, interferon treatment predominantly activates Stat5a in U-937 cells and Stat5b in HeLa cells.</p>

<p>Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, also known as STAT3, is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT3 gene. Stat3 is constitutively activated in a number of human tumors and possesses oncogenic potential and anti-apoptotic activities.</p>

<p>RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKT2 gene. This gene is a putative oncogene encoding a protein belonging to the AKT subfamily of serine/threonine kinases that contain SH2-like (Src homology 2-like) domains. The encoded protein is a general protein kinase capable of phosphorylating several known proteins.</p>

<p>p21 / WAF1 / CIP1 also known as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDKN1A gene. p21 is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI). The p21 (CIP1/WAF1) protein binds to and inhibits the activity of cyclin-CDK2, -CDK1, and -CDK4/6 complexes, and thus functions as a regulator of cell cycle progression at G1 and S phase.</p>

<p>Heat shock protein beta-8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPB8 gene. HSPB8 (HSP22) is a member of the small heat shock protein superfamily and the human protein is most closely related to HSP27.</p>

<p>STAT4 is a transcription factor belonging to the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription protein family. It is required for the development of Th1 cells from naive CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ production in response to IL-12.</p>

<p>Autophagy is a catabolic process for the autophagosomic-lysosomal degradation of proteins activated in response to nutrient deprivation and in neurodegenerative conditions. One of the proteins critical to this process is Beclin-1.</p>

<p>SMAD2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD2 gene. SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways. SMAD2 mediates the signal of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and thus regulates multiple cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. This protein is recruited to the TGF-beta receptors through its interaction with the SMAD anchor for receptor activation (SARA) protein.</p>

<p>Akt, is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that plays a key role in multiple cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription and cell migration. Akt1 is involved in cellular survival pathways, by inhibiting apoptotic processes. Akt1 is also able to induce protein synthesis pathways, and is therefore a key signaling protein in the cellular pathways that lead to skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and general tissue growth.</p>

<p>Cyclin B1 is a regulatory protein involved in mitosis. The gene product complexes with p34 (Cdk1) to form the maturation-promoting factor (MPF). Two alternative transcripts have been found, a constitutively expressed transcript and a cell cycle-regulated transcript that is expressed predominantly during G2/M phase of the cell cycle.</p>

<p>Cyclin D is a member of the cyclin protein family that is involved in regulating cell cycle progression. The synthesis of cyclin D is initiated during G1 and drives the G1/S phase transition.</p>

<p>The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is a general transcription factor that binds specifically to a DNA sequence called the TATA box. This DNA sequence is found about 30 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site in some eukaryotic gene promoters.</p>

<p>Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAT5B gene. STAT5B orthologs have been identified in most placentals for which complete genome data are available.</p>

<p>c-Jun is a member of the Jun Family containing c-Jun, JunB and JunD, and is a component of the transcription factor AP-1 (activator protein-1).</p>

<p>Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAT5A gene.Stat5a and Stat5b are independently regulated and activated in various cell types. For instance, interferon treatment predominantly activates Stat5a in U-937 cells and Stat5b in HeLa cells.</p>

<p>TNF-α, the prototypical member of the TNF protein superfamily, is a homotrimeric type-II membrane protein. It can cause cytolysis of certain tumor cell lines; it is involved in the induction of cachexia; it is a potent pyrogen, causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of  interlerukin-1 secretion; it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation under certain conditions..</p>

<p>Elongation factor 1-alpha 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1A2 gene. This gene encodes an isoform of the alpha subunit of the elongation factor-1 complex, which is responsible for the enzymatic delivery of aminoacyl tRNAs to the ribosome.</p>

<p>The S100 proteins are a family of low-molecular-weight proteins found in vertebrates and characterized by two calcium-binding sites that have helix-loop-helix ("EF-hand type") conformation.</p>

<p>Despite their relatively small size (8-12 kDa) and uncomplicated architecture, S100 proteins regulate a variety of cellular processes such as cell growth and motility, cell cycle progression, transcription, and differentiation.</p>

<p>Estrogen receptors are a group of proteins found inside cells. Estrogen receptor α (ERα), a member of the steroid receptor superfamily, contains highly conserved DNA binding and ligand binding domains.</p>

<p>Flotillins belong to a family of lipid raft-associated integral membrane proteins that carry a evolutionarily conserved domain called the prohibitin homology domain. May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes, functionally participating in formation of caveolae or caveolae-like vesicles.</p>

<p>Bcl-xL prevents apoptosis through two different mechanisms: heterodimerization with an apoptotic protein inhibits its apoptotic effect and formation of mitochondrial outer membrane pores help maintain a normal membrane state under stressful conditions.</p>

<p>Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, also known as NFE2L2 or Nrf2, is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the NFE2L2 gene. Small amounts of constitutive nuclear NRF2 maintain cellular homeostasis through regulation of basal expression of antioxidant response genes.</p>

<p>Amiloride-sensitive cation channel 2, neuronal is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACCN2 gene.</p>

<p>Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAI1 gene.It is a member of the adhesion-GPCR family of receptors.</p>

<p>Bestrophins were first found by genetic linkage of human-Bestrophin-1 (hBest1) to a juvenile form of macular degeneration called Best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD). Forms calcium-sensitive chloride channels.</p>

<p>Bombesin receptor 2 (BB2) is a member of a family of receptors that binds the 14 amino acid peptide, bombesin.</p>

<p>Calcium binding proteins are an important component of calcium mediated cellular signal transduction. It has two EF hand motifs and is expressed in neuronal cells in such areas as hippocampus, habenular nucleus of the epithalamus, Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum, and the amacrine cells and cone bipolar cells of the retina.</p>

<p>Glutamate receptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIA1 gene. The receptor then desensitizes rapidly and enters a transient inactive state, characterized by the presence of bound agonist.</p>

<p>This gene belongs to a subfamily of calcium binding proteins that share similarity to calmodulin. Like calmodulin, these family members can likely stimulate calmodulin-dependent kinase II and the protein phosphatase calcineurin.</p>

<p>Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (CaV), enable the passage of Ca2+ ions in a voltage dependent manner. These heteromeric entities are formed in part by the pore-forming α1 subunit which determines the biophysical and pharmacological properties of the channel.</p>

<p>Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (CaV), enable the passage of Ca2+ ions in a voltage dependent manner. These heteromeric entities are formed in part by the pore-forming α1 subunit which determines the biophysical and pharmacological properties of the channel</p>

<p>Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (CaV), enable the passage of Ca2+ ions in a voltage dependent manner. These heteromeric entities are formed in part by the pore-forming α1 subunit which determines the biophysical and pharmacological properties of the channel.</p>

<p>Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (CaV), enable the passage of Ca2+ ions in a voltage dependent manner. These heteromeric entities are formed in part by the pore-forming α1 subunit which determines the biophysical and pharmacological properties of the channel.</p>

<p>Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (CaV), enable the passage of Ca2+ ions in a voltage dependent manner. These heteromeric entities are formed in part by the pore-forming α1 subunit which determines the biophysical and pharmacological properties of the channel.</p>

<p>Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (CaV), enable the passage of Ca2+ ions in a voltage dependent manner. These heteromeric entities are formed in part by the pore-forming α1 subunit which determines the biophysical and pharmacological properties of the channel.</p>

<p>Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (CaV), enable the passage of Ca2+ ions in a voltage dependent manner. These heteromeric entities are formed in part by the pore-forming α1 subunit which determines the biophysical and pharmacological properties of the channel.</p>

<p>Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (CaV), enable the passage of Ca2+ ions in a voltage dependent manner. These heteromeric entities are formed in part by the pore-forming α1 subunit which determines the biophysical and pharmacological properties of the channel.</p>

<p>Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (CaV), enable the passage of Ca2+ ions in a voltage dependent manner. These heteromeric entities are formed in part by the pore-forming α1 subunit which determines the biophysical and pharmacological properties of the channel.</p>

<p>Receptor for gastrin and cholecystokinin. The CKK-B receptors occur throughout the central nervous system where they modulate anxiety, analgesia, arousal, and neuroleptic activity.</p>

<p>Membrane insertion seems to be redox-regulated and may occur only under oxydizing conditions. Involved in regulation of the cell cycle.</p>

<p>Membrane insertion seems to be redox-regulated and may occur only under oxydizing conditions. Involved in regulation of the cell cycle.</p>

<p>CNTF is a survival factor for various neuronal cell types. Seems to prevent the degeneration of motor axons after axotomy.</p>

<p>One gap junction consists of a cluster of closely packed pairs of transmembrane channels, the connexons, through which materials of low MW diffuse from one cell to a neighboring cell.</p>

<p>CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor that belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family. The main function of CXCR4 is the mediation of the homing of progenitor cells in the bone marrow and their recruitment to sites of injury.</p>

<p>The Eph receptors are the largest known family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). They can be divided into two groups based on sequence similarity and on their preference for a subset of ligands.</p>

<p>Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) regulate and maintain extracellular glutamate concentrations below excitotoxic levels. In addition, glutamate transporters may limit the duration of synaptic excitation by an electrogenic process in which the transmitter is cotransported with three sodium ions and one proton, followed by countertransport of a potassium ion.</p>

<p>GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.</p>

<p>GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.</p>

<p>GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.</p>

<p>GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.</p>

<p>GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.</p>

<p>GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and opening an integral chloride channel.</p>

<p>GALR2 Receptor for the hormone galanin and for GALP. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins that activate the phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathway (via G(q)) and that inhibit adenylyl cyclase (via G(i)).</p>

<p>Receptor for ghrelin, coupled to G-alpha-11 proteins. Stimulates growth hormone secretion. Binds also other growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRP).</p>

<p>The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.</p>

<p>Outward rectifying potassium channel. Produces rapidly activating and non-inactivating outward rectifier K(+) currents. Activated by arachidonic acid and other naturally occurring unsaturated free fatty acids.</p>

<p>KCNK4 belongs to the two pore domain potassium channel family and is an outward rectifying potassium channel. This channel produces rapidly activating and non-inactivating outward rectifier K(+) currents.</p>

<p>KCNK9 or TASK-3 (TWIK-related Acid sensitive K+ channel) is a member of the potassium channel family of proteins that contain two-pore domain and four transmembrane domains. These channels are characterized as leak K+ channels that are sensitive to changes in the extracellular pH.</p>

<p>Ionotropic glutamate receptor. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system.</p>

<p>Mediates the voltage-dependent potassium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a potassium-selective channel through which potassium ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient.</p>

<p>Forms a voltage-independent potassium channel activated by intracellular calcium. Activation is followed by membrane hyperpolarization.</p>

<p>Forms a voltage-independent potassium channel activated by intracellular calcium. Activation is followed by membrane hyperpolarization.</p>

<p>Forms a voltage-independent potassium channel activated by intracellular calcium. Activation is followed by membrane hyperpolarization.</p>

<p>Mediates electroneutral potassium-chloride cotransport when activated by cell swelling. May contribute to cell volume homeostasis in single cells.</p>

<p>Human K(v) channel interacting protein 1 (KCHIP1) is a new member of the neural calcium binding protein superfamily. Members of the KCNIP family are small calcium binding proteins. They all have EF-hand-like domains, and differ from each other in the N-terminus. They are integral subunit components of native Kv4 channel complexes. They may regulate A-type currents, and hence neuronal excitability, in response to changes in intracellular calcium. KChIP1 is a neuronal calcium sensor protein that is predominantly expressed at GABAergic synapses and it has been related with modulation of K(+) channels, GABAergic transmission and cell death.</p>