ELK Promotion

<p>Bovine serum albumin (also known as BSA or "Fraction V") is a serum albumin protein derived from cows. It is often used as a protein concentration standard in lab experiments. Albumin is a soluble, monomeric protein which comprises about one-half of the blood serum protein.</p>

<p>Many proteins are post translationally modified. Modifications such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination and methylation have been shown to play an important role in the development, physiology and disease of animals and plants.</p>

<p>Keratin 18 is a type I cytokeratin. It is, together with its filament partner keratin 8, perhaps the most commonly found products of the intermediate filament gene family. They are expressed in single layer epithelial tissues of the body. Mutations in this gene have been linked to cryptogenic cirrhosis. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.Keratin 18 is often used together with keratin 8 and keratin 19 to differentiate cells of epithelial origin from hematopoietic cells in tests that enumerate circulating tumor cells in blood.</p>

<p>Zinc finger proteins are DNA and RNA binding proteins that contain motifs where amino acids are folded into a single structural unit around a zinc atom. In a standard zinc finger, one zinc atom is bound to two cysteines and two histidines</p>

<p>Microtubules are constituent parts of the mitotic apparatus, cilia, flagella, and elements of the cytoskeleton. They consist principally of 2 soluble proteins, alpha- and beta-tubulin, each of about 55,000 Da. Antibodies against beta Tubulin are useful as loading controls for Western Blotting. However it should be noted that levels of β-Tubulin may not be stable in certain cells. For example, expression of β-Tubulin in adipose tissue is very low and therefore β-Tubulin should not be used as loading control for these tissues.</p>

<p>Histone H3 is one of the five main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability.</p>

<p>Histone H2B is one of the 5 main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells.</p>

<p>The cytoskeleton consists of three types of cytosolic fibers: microfilaments (actin filaments), intermediate filaments, and microtubules.Vimentin is a type III intermediate filament (IF) protein that is expressed in mesenchymal cells.</p>

<p>Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, also known as HIF-1-alpha, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIF1A gene. HIF-1-alpha found in mammalian cells growing at low oxygen concentrations. It plays an essential role in cellular and systemic responses to hypoxia.</p>

<p>Acetylation of lysine, like phosphorylation of serine, threonine or tyrosine, is an important reversible modification controlling protein activity. The role of acetylation in intracellular signaling has been inferred from the binding of acetylated peptides by the conserved bromodomain.</p>

<p>Histone H1 is one of the five main histone protein families which are components of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. May play a key role in the control of gene expression during oogenesis and early embryogenesis, presumably through the perturbation of chromatin structure.</p>

<p>Histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template.</p>

<p>Histone H4 is one of the 5 main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. H4 is a structural component of the nucleosome, and is subject to covalent modification, including acetylation and methylation, which may alter expression of genes located on DNA associated with its parent histone octamer.</p>

<p>LDHD belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. D-lactate and D-glycerate dehydrogenase activities have been found in a similar protein in yeast.</p>

<p>beta 1 Sodium Potassium ATPase catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The beta subunit regulates, through assembly of alpha/beta heterodimers, the number of sodium pumps transported to the plasma membrane.</p>

<p>The distinct peripheral cytosolic proteins, alpha, beta and gamma catenin (102, 94 and 86 kDa) are found in many tissues and bind to the conserved cytoplasmic tail domain of the cell adhesion cadherins. Catenins link E cadherin to other integral membrane or cytoplasmic proteins and are modulated by Wnt1 proto oncogene. The central core region of beta catenin is involved in mediation of cadherin catenin complex interaction with EGFR. Beta-Catenin-mediated signalling is involved at several stages of vertebrate neural development.</p>

<p>PEPC (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase), belongs to an enzyme family of carboxy-lyases that is catalyzing adding fo carbon dioxide to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate.</p>

<p>PEPC (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase), belongs to an enzyme family of carboxy-lyases that is catalyzing adding fo carbon dioxide to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate.</p>

<p>The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV, EC 1.9.3.1) is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria and the mitochondrion.It is the last enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain of mitochondria (or bacteria) located in the mitochondrial (or bacterial) membrane. It receives an electron from each of four cytochrome c molecules, and transfers them to one oxygen molecule, converting molecular oxygen to two molecules of water. In the process, it binds four protons from the inner aqueous phase to make water, and in addition translocates four protons across the membrane, helping to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase then uses to synthesize ATP.</p>

<p>The Tripartite motif(TRIM) family of proteins are characterized by a conserved TRIM domian.Regulates membrane budding and exocytosis. May be involved in the regulation of the mobility of KCNB1-containing endocytic vesicles.</p>

<p>E-Cadherin is a calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion glycoprotein composed of five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region, and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail.</p>

<p>Hsp90 (heat shock protein 90) is a chaperone protein that assists other proteins to fold properly, stabilizes proteins against heat stress, and aids in protein degradation. In mammalian cells, there are two or more genes encoding cytosolic Hsp90 homologues, with the human Hsp90α showing 85% sequence identity to Hsp90β.</p>

<p>The 14-3-3 family of proteins plays a key regulatory role in signal transduction, checkpoint control, apoptotic and nutrient-sensing pathways. 14-3-3 protein epsilon is a protein that in humans is encoded by the YWHAE gene.</p>

<p>Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) also known as heat shock protein beta-1 (HSPB1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPB1 gene. Hsp27 is a chaperone of the sHsp (small heat shock protein) group among ubiquitin, α-crystallin, Hsp20 and others.Involved in stress resistance and actin organization.</p>

<p>HSP60 Implicated in mitochondrial protein import and macromolecular assembly. May facilitate the correct folding of imported proteins. May also prevent misfolding and promote the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under stress conditions in the mitochondrial matrix.</p>

<p>Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that respond to changes in available oxygen in the cellular environment, to be specific, to decreases in oxygen, or hypoxia.This protein is required for the ligand-binding subunit to translocate from the cytosol to the nucleus after ligand binding.</p>

<p>AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is highly conserved from yeast to plants and animals and plays a key role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. AMPK is a heterotrimeric complex composed of a catalytic α subunit and regulatory β and γ subunits, each of which is encoded by two or three distinct genes (α1, 2; β1, 2; γ1, 2, 3).</p>

<p>AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is highly conserved from yeast to plants and animals and plays a key role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. AMPK is a heterotrimeric complex composed of a catalytic α subunit and regulatory β and γ subunits, each of which is encoded by two or three distinct genes (α1, 2; β1, 2; γ1, 2, 3).</p>

<p>Autophagy is a catabolic process for the autophagosomic-lysosomal degradation of proteins activated in response to nutrient deprivation and in neurodegenerative conditions. One of the proteins critical to this process is Beclin-1.</p>

<p>Erk3, also known as MAPK6 or p97 MAPK, is almost 50% identical to Erk1/2 at the kinase domain located in its amino-terminal region. Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK6 gene.</p>

<p>ERK5, Mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 also known as MAP kinase 7 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK7 gene. MAPK7 is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development.</p>

<p>Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that respond to changes in available oxygen in the cellular environment, to be specific, to decreases in oxygen, or hypoxia.This protein is required for the ligand-binding subunit to translocate from the cytosol to the nucleus after ligand binding.</p>

<p>Transcriptional repressor. Involved in the generation and migration of neural crest cells.</p>

<p>Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, also known as GSK3B, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSK3B gene.</p>

<p>p53 plays a major role in the cellular response to DNA damage and other genomic aberrations. The activation of p53 can lead to either cell cycle arrest and DNA repair, or apoptosis. p53 is phosphorylated at multiple sites in vivo and by several different protein kinases in vitro.</p>

<p>Autophagy marker Light Chain 3 (LC3) was originally identified as a subunit of microtubule-associated proteins 1A and 1B (termed MAP1LC3).</p>

<p>Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter and modulates its effects via ionotropic and metabotropic receptors which are different in their molecular, biochemical, pharmacological and physiological properties. The receptor then desensitizes rapidly and enters a transient inactive state, characterized by the presence of bound agonist.</p>

<p>The angiotensin-(1-7) Mas receptor is the recently identified receptor of the biologically active heptapeptide angiotensin-(1-7).Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) is a metabolite of the well known peptide hormone Angiotensin (Ang) II, a key component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that has a central role in cardiovascular homeostasis.</p>

<p>The Bestrophins are a newly described family of anion channels unrelated in primary sequence to any previously characterized channel proteins. Two different topologies for Bestrophin-1 have been proposed.</p>

<p>Survivin, also called baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 or BIRC5, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BIRC5 gene. Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family. The survivin protein functions to inhibit caspase activation, thereby leading to negative regulation of apoptosis or programmed cell death.</p>

<p>Toll-like receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR4 gene.TLR 4 has also been designated as CD284. TLR4 is most abundantly expressed in placenta, and in myelomonocytic subpopulation of the leukocytes.</p>

<p>TLR13 is found in mouse and participates in the innate immune response to microbial agents. It acts via MYD88 and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response.</p>

<p>TLR 1 is a member of the Toll-like receptor family (TLR) of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system. TLR1 recognizes pathogen-associated molecular pattern with a specificity for gram-positive bacteria. TLR1 has also been designated as CD281.</p>

<p>Toll-like receptor 2 also known as TLR2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR2 gene. TLR2 has also been designated as CD282. TLR2 is one of the toll-like receptors and plays a role in the immune system.</p>

<p>Toll-like receptor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR6 gene. TLR6 has also been designated as CD286.</p>

<p>Toll-like receptor 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR8 gene. TLR8 has also been designated as CD288.</p>

<p>Receptor for neuromedin-B. Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.</p>

<p>Transferrins are iron-binding blood plasma glycoproteins that control the level of free iron in biological fluids. It is responsible for the transport of iron from sites of absorption and heme degradation to those of storage and utilization.</p>

<p>Calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) is a pore-forming membrane protein that in humans is encoded by the CALHM1 gene.</p>