Antibiotics

<p>Cephamycin C is a cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a type of β-lactam antibiotic. It is derived from the fermentation process of certain Streptomyces species and other actinomycetes. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This inhibition disrupts the structural integrity of the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Alamethacin is a peptide antibiotic, which is derived from the soil fungus Trichoderma viride. This compound consists of a sequence of amino acids that form a helical structure, enabling its interaction with lipid membranes. Alamethacin functions by inserting itself into cellular membranes and forming voltage-dependent ion channels. As a result, it alters membrane permeability, causing ion imbalance and leading to cell death.</p>

<p>Ascomycin is an immunosuppressant macrolide lactone, which is derived from the soil bacterium *Streptomyces hygroscopicus*. It functions primarily by inhibiting the T-cell activation pathway. The mechanism involves binding to the immunophilin FKBP-12, forming a complex that inhibits the calcium-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin. This inhibition prevents the dephosphorylation and subsequent translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), which is crucial for the transcription of interleukin-2 and other cytokines. Consequently, this suppresses the activation and proliferation of T-cells, which are essential components of the adaptive immune response.</p>

<p>Pazufloxacin is an antibacterial agent, which is a synthetic derivative originating from the fluoroquinolone class of compounds. This source categorizes it alongside a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics known for their efficacy against a wide variety of bacterial pathogens. The mode of action of pazufloxacin involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. These are essential enzymes for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination processes. By inhibiting these enzymes, pazufloxacin disrupts the bacterial DNA processes, ultimately leading to cell death.</p>

<p>Lincomycin 2-palmitate hydrochloride is a semi-synthetic antibiotic, derived from the natural antibiotic lincomycin through chemical modification. It is sourced from fermentative processes involving the bacterium *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. The compound exerts its action by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria. This occurs through its binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby hindering peptide chain elongation and ultimately arresting bacterial growth.</p>

<p>Streptidine is an amino cyclitol, which is a component of certain aminoglycoside antibiotics. This compound originates from the actinomycete *Streptomyces griseus*, a soil bacterium known for its ability to produce a variety of antibiotics. Streptidine plays a crucial role in the mechanism of aminoglycosides by contributing to the binding affinity of these antibiotics to the bacterial ribosome.</p>

<p>Cefazolin is a semi-synthetic, non-beta lactam antibiotic used for the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections. It inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to one or more of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are bacterial transpeptidases that crosslink peptidoglycan strands. Cefazolin binds to PBPs present on the surface of all Gram-negative bacteria as well as many Gram-positive bacteria. It is not effective against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus and MRSA unless combined with another antibiotic such as vancomycin or flucloxacillin. A study showed that cefazolin can decrease inflammation and tumor necrosis factor-beta levels in pregnant women with systemic inflammatory disease. It has been tested in the development of an anti-inflammatory agent for use in patients with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythe.</p>

<p>Aphidicolin is a tetracyclic diterpenoid that acts as a potent inhibitor of DNA polymerase. Derived from the fungus *Cephalosporium aphidicola*, it is primarily identified for its ability to impede DNA synthesis by targeting eukaryotic DNA polymerase α. This selective inhibition disrupts replication processes, making it a crucial tool for studying cell cycle dynamics.</p>

<p>6,11-Di-O-methyl erythromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin, which is a macrolide antibiotic originally sourced from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. This compound is produced through chemical modification of the natural antibiotic to improve its pharmacokinetic properties, such as stability and absorption.</p>

<p>Clindamycin-2,3-diphosphate is a biochemical compound, which is derived from the antibiotic clindamycin, sourced through chemical modification to include diphosphate groups. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thus interfering with peptide chain initiation and elongation. This disruption effectively halts bacterial growth, particularly in Gram-positive bacteria, and is crucial in combatting infections resistant to other antibiotics.</p>

<p>Geneticin is very efficient against gram-negative bacteria, however it is not applied for treating infections due to high renal toxicity. Geneticin and its resistance genes found application in the selection of transgenic cell lines including yeasts such as P. pastoris and S. serevisiae, other eukaryotic cell lines such as CHO or HEK293, but also plant cells and bacterial cells.</p>

<p>Aminosidine is a nucleoside analogue that inhibits the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and the integrase, which are enzymes involved in viral DNA synthesis. Aminosidine is active against Leishmania spp., but not against bacteria. Aminosidine has been shown to be effective in experimental models of human bowel disease and in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. It was also found to be active against wild-type strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, but not resistant mutants. The mechanism of action is the inhibition of cellular mitochondrial membrane potential.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; macrolide class</p>

<p>Erythromycin B is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the actinomycete *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. This interference with protein synthesis effectively hampers bacterial growth, making it a potent bacteriostatic agent.</p>

<p>Cyclosporin L is an immunosuppressive agent, which is a cyclic polypeptide derived from the soil fungus Tolypocladium inflatum. It primarily functions by inhibiting the activity of calcineurin, a key phosphatase involved in the activation of T-cells. This inhibition prevents the transcription of interleukin-2 and other cytokines critical for T-cell proliferation.</p>

<p>Deacetylanisomycin is a bacterial metabolite, which is derived from the soil bacterium Streptomyces griseolus. It acts as an inhibitor of protein synthesis by binding to the 60S ribosomal subunit, thus interfering with peptide bond formation during translation. This mode of action is key to its effectiveness in studying the mechanisms of protein synthesis interruption.</p>

<p>Loracarbef monohydrate is a synthetic antibiotic, which is derived from carbacephem compounds with a mode of action that involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. This is achieved by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, thereby blocking the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains which are crucial for bacterial cell wall structural integrity.</p>

<p>Rifampicin is a drug that inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria and is used to treat tuberculosis. Rifampicin binds to the beta subunit of the bacterial RNA polymerase, inhibiting transcription and translation. It has been shown to inhibit the acetylcholine receptor function in rats, which may be related to its antituberculosis activity. Histopathological studies have shown that rifampicin inhibits the growth of human tumors in mice, including lung cancer, breast cancer, and leukemia. The drug is also being studied for its potential use in treating Alzheimer's disease. The pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of rifampicin have been studied and Rifampicin has been shown to be an effective anti-tuberculosis drug.</p>

<p>Biotinyl tobramycin amide is a biotinylated form of the antibiotic tobramycin, which is derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces tenebrarius. It features a tobramycin core, a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic, chemically linked to biotin. This modification allows for the specific attachment to avidin or streptavidin-labeled probes due to the strong biotin-streptavidin interaction, facilitating various labeling and detection techniques in research.</p>

<p>PNU 142300 is a non-peptidyl anticoagulant, which is a synthetically derived small molecule. This compound is sourced from advanced chemical synthesis techniques that focus on mimicking biological activity through non-biological materials. PNU 142300 acts by specifically inhibiting factor Xa, a crucial enzyme in the coagulation cascade responsible for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. By targeting this enzyme, it effectively prevents the formation of blood clots, thereby exhibiting potent anticoagulant properties.</p>