Antibiotics

<p>Phleomycin is an antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces verticillus*. Its mode of action involves binding to DNA and inducing breaks by generating free radicals in the presence of oxygen and ferrous ions, leading to cell death. Phleomycin is prominently used in molecular biology applications as a selective agent in the generation of stable transfectants. It is particularly effective in selecting for cells that have integrated vectors conferring resistance, such as the Sh ble gene used in yeast, plant, and mammalian cell systems. Due to its potent DNA-cleaving ability, Phleomycin is valuable in studies requiring stringent selection pressure. Researchers commonly utilize it in experiments focusing on genetic modification and cellular resistance development.</p>

<p>Cefotaxime sodium - Sterile grade is a cephalosporin antibiotic, which is derived from the beta-lactam class of antibacterial agents. It effectively disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to and inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins, leading to cell lysis and death. This mechanism of action is potent against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, making it a valuable tool in clinical settings.</p>

<p>Dequalinium chloride is a novel, broad spectrum antimicrobial agent with a mechanism of action that inhibits the mitochondria-dependent respiratory chain. Studies have shown that it inhibits the growth of resistant microorganisms in cell-based experiments and in bacterial infections. Dequalinium chloride also has cytopathic effects on thp-1 cells, which are specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition to inhibiting mitochondria-dependent respiration, this compound also increases acetylcholine receptor sensitivity in A549 lung cancer cells. Dequalinium chloride is a quaternary ammonium cation and has been shown to be effective against clinical isolates and inhibitory concentrations of a variety of virus species, including human rhinovirus (HRV) and Coxsackie virus type B4 (CoxB4).</p>

<p>Clindamycin sulfoxide is a potent metabolite of the lincosamide antibiotic clindamycin, which is derived from the fermentation product of *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. This compound acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby interfering with the translocation steps in protein elongation. The mechanism effectively suppresses the growth of a broad range of Gram-positive bacteria, including *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Streptococcus pneumoniae*, and anaerobic microorganisms.</p>

<p>Erythromycin F is an antibiotic, which is a naturally derived product obtained from the bacterium *Streptomyces erythreus*. It operates by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. This binding effectively blocks the translocation steps in protein elongation, thus preventing the growth and multiplication of susceptible bacteria.</p>

<p>Cefacetrile sodium is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the cephalosporin class. It is a semi-synthetic derivative sourced from cephalosporin C, a naturally occurring compound derived from the Acremonium fungus. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. This occurs by binding to penicillin-binding proteins within the bacterial cell membrane, ultimately leading to cell lysis and death due to the inability to synthesize peptidoglycan, a critical component of the bacterial cell wall.</p>

<p>Metabolite of rifampicin</p>

<p>Erythromycin derivative</p>

<p>Clindamycin-d3 hydrochloride is an isotopically labeled pharmaceutical compound, specifically designed for use in the field of analytical chemistry and pharmacokinetics. It is derived from clindamycin, a known antibiotic sourced from modifications of the naturally occurring compound lincomycin, produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces lincolnensis. The incorporation of deuterium atoms, replacing hydrogen, allows for its use in sophisticated analytical methods such as mass spectrometry, where it serves to trace the metabolic pathways and to quantify the bioavailability and distribution of clindamycin in biological systems with high precision.</p>

<p>Panipenem is a carbapenem antibiotic, which is a type of beta-lactam antibiotic derived from thienamycin. It functions by inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are essential for bacterial cell wall synthesis. This inhibition disrupts the cell wall construction, leading to cell lysis and death, thereby demonstrating strong bactericidal activity.</p>

<p>Oligomycin A is a macrolide antibiotic, which is isolated from the Streptomyces species of bacteria. Its mode of action involves inhibiting ATP synthase by binding to the F_O subunit of the enzyme complex in the mitochondrial membrane. This binding effectively stops the flow of protons across the membrane, which is critical for ATP generation through oxidative phosphorylation.</p>

<p>Vancomycin aglycon is a glycopeptide antibiotic, which is a derivative of vancomycin. It is sourced from the fermentation products of certain Amycolatopsis species, a genus of actinobacteria. The mode of action of vancomycin aglycon involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It specifically binds to the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of nascent peptidoglycan chains, thereby preventing the cross-linking that is crucial for maintaining cell wall integrity.</p>

<p>Streptidine dihydrochloride is a biochemical compound, specifically a derivative of streptomycin, which is obtained through chemical modification of the aminoglycoside antibiotic streptomycin. It is composed of streptidine, a constituent sugar derivative, that is integral to the structure of streptomycin, rendered as a hydrochloride salt to enhance solubility and stability.</p>

<p>Gentamicin C2 pentaacetate (2 : 1 Mixture of C2 and C2a) is an aminoglycoside class antibiotic derivative, primarily derived from the fermentation of Micromonospora species. This product is a semi-synthetic compound, combining two closely related gentamicin components, C2 and C2a, in a specified ratio. Its mode of action involves binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, which disrupts protein synthesis resulting in bactericidal activity against a wide spectrum of Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria.</p>

<p>Thiamphenicol is a semisynthetic derivative of chloramphenicol with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating bacterial infections, particularly in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Fosmidomycin sodium is an antibiotic compound, which is derived from phosphonic acid. It functions as an inhibitor of the enzyme 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), crucial in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. By targeting this enzyme, fosmidomycin sodium disrupts the production of isoprenoids, essential components for the growth and survival of certain bacteria and parasites.</p>

<p>Cefquinome is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a fourth-generation cephalosporin. It is derived from the β-lactam class of antibiotics and is specifically designed for veterinary applications. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and death. This action is facilitated through the binding of cefquinome to penicillin-binding proteins, which undermines the structural integrity of bacterial cell walls, proving effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Inducer of apoptosis; translational inhibitor; aminonucleoside antibiotic</p>

<p>Albitiazolium bromide is an antimalarial compound disrupting phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in Plasmodium, transported via NPP and cation carriers.</p>

<p>Compound 5, an antiviral agent, effectively targets murine norovirus, with potential in infectious disease and oncology research.</p>