Antibiotics

<p>Oxacillin sodium is a beta-lactam antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating infections caused by penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.</p>

<p>Plant growth regulator</p>

<p>Tetracycline hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and is an electron transfer agent. It has been shown to be effective against bacterial infections in humans and has been used in cultures for the prevention of bacterial contamination. As an electron transfer agent, it is used in electron microscopy to study the surface of biological cells. Tetracycline hydrochloride enters bacterial cells by diffusion and interacts with the cytoplasmic membrane, where it induces a redox reaction that leads to cell death. The efficacy of tetracycline hydrochloride in treating candida albicans (yeast) was studied using in-vitro activity and showed that carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles were able to enhance the treatment efficiency.</p>

<p>(E)-10,11-Didehydro-11-deoxy-6-O-methylerythromycin is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from erythromycin, a natural product obtained from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. This compound functions as an inhibitor of protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria, thus preventing the growth and proliferation of susceptible bacterial strains. The alteration in its chemical structure, notably the methylation at the 6-O position, enhances its stability and improves its pharmacokinetic profile compared to the parent compound, erythromycin.</p>

<p>Erythromycylamine is a semisynthetic antibiotic, which is derived from the parent compound erythromycin. This compound is sourced from the fermentation product of the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. Erythromycylamine acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, specifically targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit, which ultimately leads to the disruption of bacterial cell growth and replication.</p>

<p>N-Demethyl rifampin is a metabolite of rifampin, which is a natural product derivative. Rifampin itself is a well-known antibiotic derived from the bacterium *Amycolatopsis rifamycinica*. N-Demethyl rifampin is formed through the metabolic process where rifampin undergoes demethylation. This transformation occurs primarily in the liver, mediated by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system.</p>

<p>Clindamycin 4-phosphate is a semi-synthetic antibiotic, which is a derivative of the natural antibiotic lincomycin. It is specifically synthesized from Streptomyces lincolnensis cultures. The mode of action of Clindamycin 4-phosphate involves inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thus preventing peptide chain elongation and subsequent bacterial growth.</p>

<p>N-Desisobutyl-N-propyl rifabutin is a synthetic derivative of rifabutin, which is an antibiotic belonging to the rifamycin class. This compound is sourced from modifications of the parent molecule rifabutin, itself derived from the rifamycin family produced by the bacterium Amycolatopsis, traditionally used for its antimicrobial properties. The mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase, effectively preventing the transcription process necessary for bacterial replication and protein synthesis. This disruption of RNA synthesis provides potent antimicrobial activity.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Sulfadiazine is a sulfonamide antibiotic with action on bacterial folate synthesis inhibition and is used for treating toxoplasmosis and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Cefoxitin EP impurity B is a chemical reference standard, which is derived from the synthesis and purification processes involved in producing Cefoxitin. As an impurity standard, its primary role is to serve as a benchmark for quality control in pharmaceutical formulations. The mode of action of Cefoxitin EP impurity B involves the structural analysis and quantification of impurity levels, ensuring that the primary pharmaceutical products meet necessary safety and efficacy criteria.</p>

<p>Oligomycin B is an antibiotic compound, which is derived from Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex, specifically targeting the F₀ subunit of ATP synthase. This action obstructs the proton channel, preventing the flow of protons across the mitochondrial membrane. As a result, Oligomycin B effectively halts ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation, which is crucial for the survival of aerobic organisms.</p>

<p>Polymyxin B nonapeptide hydrochloride is a potent antibiotic compound derived from the bacterium *Bacillus polymyxa*. As a cationic polypeptide, it exhibits its antibacterial activity by interacting with the lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids in the bacterial cell membrane, leading to increased permeability and ultimately causing cell lysis. The compound is specifically effective against a broad range of Gram-negative bacteria, making it crucial in studying antibiotic resistance mechanisms.</p>

<p>Antibacterial agent with the ability to permeate bacterial membranes and cause cell death. Colistin is a cationic peptide also known as polymyxin E. Colistin is effective in multidrug resistant Gram-positive bacteria such as P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae.</p>

<p>Dihydrostreptomycin sesquisulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. Its mode of action involves binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, leading to the disruption of protein synthesis. This binding interferes with the initiation complex formation, causing misreading of mRNA and ultimately inhibiting bacterial growth.</p>

<p>7-epi-Clindamycin is a clindamycin derivative, which is a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. Its mode of action involves binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. This results in the suppression of bacterial growth, making it effective against certain Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic species.</p>

<p>N'-Desmethyl azithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative antibiotic, which is derived from the chemical modification of azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic sourced originally from the bacterium *Streptomyces erythreus*. It functions primarily by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, binding specifically to the 50S ribosomal subunit, which results in the prevention of transpeptidation and translocation processes during translation. This action effectively halts bacterial growth, rendering it bacteriostatic.</p>

<p>26-Oxofusidic acid is a derivative of fusidic acid, which is a potent antibacterial compound originally isolated from the fungus Fusidium coccineum. This compound exhibits a unique mode of action by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through interference with the elongation factor G (EF-G), a critical component in the translocation step of translation. By targeting this specific aspect of bacterial metabolism, 26-Oxofusidic acid effectively disrupts the growth of gram-positive bacteria, making it an invaluable tool in combating resistant bacterial strains.</p>

<p>Peplomycin sulfate is an anticancer antibiotic, which is a derivative of the bleomycin family of glycopeptide antibiotics produced by the bacterium *Streptomyces verticillus*. This antibiotic operates through a mode of action that involves the induction of DNA strand breaks by forming a complex with iron and oxygen, leading to the generation of free radicals. These radicals cleave DNA strands, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis and inducing apoptosis in cancerous cells.</p>

<p>7-Descarbamoyl 17-amino geldanamycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of the benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic geldanamycin, which is naturally produced by the bacterium *Streptomyces hygroscopicus*. As an inhibitor of the Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90), it targets this molecular chaperone crucial for the stability and function of numerous oncoproteins. By inhibiting Hsp90, 7-Descarbamoyl 17-amino geldanamycin disrupts protein folding processes, leading to the degradation of client proteins and subsequent disruption of cell signaling pathways involved in tumor growth and survival.</p>

<p>Telavancin is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic, which is a semi-synthetic derivative of vancomycin. Its source is derived through modifications of the glycopeptide antibiotic, specifically aimed to enhance antibacterial activity. Telavancin functions by inhibiting cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It does this by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of cell wall precursors, disrupting peptidoglycan polymerization and, consequently, cell wall integrity. Additionally, Telavancin increases membrane permeability and disrupts membrane potential, further enhancing its bactericidal activity.</p>

<p>1,3''-Di-HABA kanamycin A is a chemically modified antibiotic derivative. It is derived from kanamycin A, a well-known aminoglycoside antibiotic that is originally sourced from the bacterium *Streptomyces kanamyceticus*. The modification with 1,3''-Di-HABA alters its pharmacodynamic properties, potentially influencing its specificity and interaction with biological targets.</p>

<p>Mitomycin D is an antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agent known for its ability to inhibit DNA synthesis, making it a potent antitumor agent. It is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces caespitosus*. Mitomycin D functions as a DNA crosslinking agent by alkylating the DNA strands, which interferes with DNA replication and transcription. This mechanism leads to the cessation of cellular division and ultimately induces apoptosis in rapidly dividing cells.</p>

<p>Chlortetracycline-13C-d3 hydrochloride is a stable isotope-labeled antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research in bacterial resistance and analytical studies.</p>

<p>Chaetoglobosin A is a mycotoxin, which is a secondary metabolite produced by the fungus Chaetomium globosum. This compound exhibits its mode of action by disrupting the cytoskeletal elements within cells, primarily affecting actin polymerization. This interference leads to alterations in cell morphology and can induce apoptosis in certain cell lines.</p>

<p>Kasugamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from the actinomycete Streptomyces kasugaensis. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of protein synthesis by interfering with the function of the 30S ribosomal subunit, ultimately preventing the growth and proliferation of sensitive organisms. In agricultural contexts, Kasugamycin is primarily utilized to control bacterial and fungal diseases in a variety of crops, including rice and fruit trees. It is particularly effective against Xanthomonas oryzae, which causes bacterial leaf blight in rice, and other pathogenic organisms detrimental to plant health. The application of Kasugamycin has been an important tool for integrated pest management programs focusing on sustainable agricultural practices. As a compound with a specific mode of activity, it helps to reduce the environmental impact typically associated with broader-spectrum antibiotics, while offering target-specific disease control. Its careful application supports the minimization of resistance development, ensuring continued efficacy in protecting crop yields.</p>

<p>Vincristine, a microtubule disruptor, inhibits mitosis in cancer cells, useful in leukemia research.</p>

<p>An aminoglycoside antibiotic.  Found applications in treatment of UTi's as it decreases the ability of bacteria to make protein.</p>

<p>Tyrothricin is a peptide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Bacillus brevis. This compound comprises a mixture of polypeptides, primarily gramicidin and tyrocidine, both of which are instrumental in its antimicrobial activity. The mode of action of tyrothricin involves disrupting bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis and death. Gramicidin increases the permeability of the bacterial membrane to ions, while tyrocidine promotes disruption of membrane integrity, which together exert bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects.</p>

<p>Ceftaroline fosamil is an advanced antibiotic, which is a cephalosporin derived from synthetic sources with a broad spectrum of activity. It is a prodrug that, once metabolized, becomes active in the body, binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of bacteria. This binding inhibits the proteins responsible for cell wall synthesis, leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Phleomycin is an antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces verticillus*. Its mode of action involves binding to DNA and inducing breaks by generating free radicals in the presence of oxygen and ferrous ions, leading to cell death. Phleomycin is prominently used in molecular biology applications as a selective agent in the generation of stable transfectants. It is particularly effective in selecting for cells that have integrated vectors conferring resistance, such as the Sh ble gene used in yeast, plant, and mammalian cell systems. Due to its potent DNA-cleaving ability, Phleomycin is valuable in studies requiring stringent selection pressure. Researchers commonly utilize it in experiments focusing on genetic modification and cellular resistance development.</p>

<p>Cefotaxime sodium - Sterile grade is a cephalosporin antibiotic, which is derived from the beta-lactam class of antibacterial agents. It effectively disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to and inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins, leading to cell lysis and death. This mechanism of action is potent against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, making it a valuable tool in clinical settings.</p>

<p>Dequalinium chloride is a novel, broad spectrum antimicrobial agent with a mechanism of action that inhibits the mitochondria-dependent respiratory chain. Studies have shown that it inhibits the growth of resistant microorganisms in cell-based experiments and in bacterial infections. Dequalinium chloride also has cytopathic effects on thp-1 cells, which are specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition to inhibiting mitochondria-dependent respiration, this compound also increases acetylcholine receptor sensitivity in A549 lung cancer cells. Dequalinium chloride is a quaternary ammonium cation and has been shown to be effective against clinical isolates and inhibitory concentrations of a variety of virus species, including human rhinovirus (HRV) and Coxsackie virus type B4 (CoxB4).</p>

<p>Clindamycin sulfoxide is a potent metabolite of the lincosamide antibiotic clindamycin, which is derived from the fermentation product of *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. This compound acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby interfering with the translocation steps in protein elongation. The mechanism effectively suppresses the growth of a broad range of Gram-positive bacteria, including *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Streptococcus pneumoniae*, and anaerobic microorganisms.</p>

<p>Erythromycin F is an antibiotic, which is a naturally derived product obtained from the bacterium *Streptomyces erythreus*. It operates by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. This binding effectively blocks the translocation steps in protein elongation, thus preventing the growth and multiplication of susceptible bacteria.</p>

<p>Cefacetrile sodium is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the cephalosporin class. It is a semi-synthetic derivative sourced from cephalosporin C, a naturally occurring compound derived from the Acremonium fungus. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. This occurs by binding to penicillin-binding proteins within the bacterial cell membrane, ultimately leading to cell lysis and death due to the inability to synthesize peptidoglycan, a critical component of the bacterial cell wall.</p>

<p>Metabolite of rifampicin</p>

<p>Erythromycin derivative</p>

<p>Clindamycin-d3 hydrochloride is an isotopically labeled pharmaceutical compound, specifically designed for use in the field of analytical chemistry and pharmacokinetics. It is derived from clindamycin, a known antibiotic sourced from modifications of the naturally occurring compound lincomycin, produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces lincolnensis. The incorporation of deuterium atoms, replacing hydrogen, allows for its use in sophisticated analytical methods such as mass spectrometry, where it serves to trace the metabolic pathways and to quantify the bioavailability and distribution of clindamycin in biological systems with high precision.</p>

<p>Panipenem is a carbapenem antibiotic, which is a type of beta-lactam antibiotic derived from thienamycin. It functions by inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are essential for bacterial cell wall synthesis. This inhibition disrupts the cell wall construction, leading to cell lysis and death, thereby demonstrating strong bactericidal activity.</p>

<p>Oligomycin A is a macrolide antibiotic, which is isolated from the Streptomyces species of bacteria. Its mode of action involves inhibiting ATP synthase by binding to the F_O subunit of the enzyme complex in the mitochondrial membrane. This binding effectively stops the flow of protons across the membrane, which is critical for ATP generation through oxidative phosphorylation.</p>

<p>Vancomycin aglycon is a glycopeptide antibiotic, which is a derivative of vancomycin. It is sourced from the fermentation products of certain Amycolatopsis species, a genus of actinobacteria. The mode of action of vancomycin aglycon involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It specifically binds to the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of nascent peptidoglycan chains, thereby preventing the cross-linking that is crucial for maintaining cell wall integrity.</p>

<p>Streptidine dihydrochloride is a biochemical compound, specifically a derivative of streptomycin, which is obtained through chemical modification of the aminoglycoside antibiotic streptomycin. It is composed of streptidine, a constituent sugar derivative, that is integral to the structure of streptomycin, rendered as a hydrochloride salt to enhance solubility and stability.</p>

<p>Gentamicin C2 pentaacetate (2 : 1 Mixture of C2 and C2a) is an aminoglycoside class antibiotic derivative, primarily derived from the fermentation of Micromonospora species. This product is a semi-synthetic compound, combining two closely related gentamicin components, C2 and C2a, in a specified ratio. Its mode of action involves binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, which disrupts protein synthesis resulting in bactericidal activity against a wide spectrum of Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria.</p>

<p>Thiamphenicol is a semisynthetic derivative of chloramphenicol with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating bacterial infections, particularly in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Fosmidomycin sodium is an antibiotic compound, which is derived from phosphonic acid. It functions as an inhibitor of the enzyme 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), crucial in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. By targeting this enzyme, fosmidomycin sodium disrupts the production of isoprenoids, essential components for the growth and survival of certain bacteria and parasites.</p>

<p>Cefquinome is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a fourth-generation cephalosporin. It is derived from the β-lactam class of antibiotics and is specifically designed for veterinary applications. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and death. This action is facilitated through the binding of cefquinome to penicillin-binding proteins, which undermines the structural integrity of bacterial cell walls, proving effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Inducer of apoptosis; translational inhibitor; aminonucleoside antibiotic</p>

<p>Albitiazolium bromide is an antimalarial compound disrupting phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in Plasmodium, transported via NPP and cation carriers.</p>

<p>Compound 5, an antiviral agent, effectively targets murine norovirus, with potential in infectious disease and oncology research.</p>