Antibiotics

<p>Prulifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating urinary tract infections and respiratory infections.</p>

<p>Pefloxacin is a mesylate prodrug that is converted to pefloxacin in the body. The optimum concentration for pefloxacin is 2 µg/mL, and it has been shown to be active against gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, and Enterococcus faecalis. Pefloxacin has also been shown to inhibit the growth of human leukemia cells (HL-60) and drug interactions have been documented with this drug. Pefloxacin is not active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium avium complex.</p>

<p>Anthracycline is a class of chemotherapy drugs, which are anthraquinone antibiotics derived from the bacterial genus Streptomyces. They exert their therapeutic effects primarily through intercalation into DNA, disrupting the function of enzymes such as topoisomerase II, thus preventing the transcription and replication processes in rapidly dividing cancer cells. Furthermore, they generate free radicals, leading to oxidative stress and subsequent cell damage. These mechanisms collectively result in apoptosis of malignant cells. Anthracyclines are utilized extensively in oncology for the treatment of various malignancies, including leukemias, lymphomas, breast cancer, and sarcomas. The efficacy of anthracyclines in inhibiting tumor growth must be balanced against their cardiotoxic potential, which is a significant consideration in their clinical use. This dual nature makes them both pivotal and challenging in chemotherapy regimens, necessitating careful management and monitoring throughout treatment.</p>

<p>Clofazimine is a phenazine dye antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA interference and is used for treating leprosy and erythema nodosum leprosum.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; macrolide class</p>

Antibiotic; used in selective media for P. aeruginosa

<p>Inhibitor of DNA replication; inhibitor of theophylline and caffeine metabolism</p>

<p>Cephalosporin C zinc is a zinc salt form of cephalosporin C with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for studying bacterial resistance and cell wall synthesis.</p>

<p>Ornidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic with action on DNA synthesis disruption in anaerobic bacteria and protozoa and is used for treating infections like amoebiasis, giardiasis, and trichomoniasis.</p>

<p>Fidaxomicin is a macrocyclic antibiotic with action on bacterial RNA polymerase and is used for treating Clostridium difficile infections.</p>

Novobiocin sodium salt inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, blocking the peptidyl transferase activity required for protein synthesis. The drug binds to DNA sequences containing glucuronic acid, which are essential for peptide bond formation. Novobiocin sodium can be found in pharmaceuticals due to its antimicrobial activity and membrane stability, which makes it suitable for pressuring ionization techniques. It also exhibits less resistance than other antibiotics like triclosan or nalidixic acid because it does not typically bind to the membranes of cells.

<p>Tomopenem is a carbapenem antibiotic, which is a product of synthetic origin with broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. It acts by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls through binding to penicillin-binding proteins, thereby disrupting the structural integrity of the cell wall and leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Alloaureothin is an antibacterial compound, which is a secondary metabolite derived from the bacterial genus *Streptomyces*. This compound functions through a distinct mode of action, primarily targeting bacterial cell components and inhibiting essential growth processes. Alloaureothin disrupts cell wall synthesis and cellular metabolism, leading to effective bacteriostatic or bactericidal outcomes depending on the concentration and specific bacterial species.</p>

<p>Penicillin G potassium is a natural penicillin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like meningitis, syphilis, and endocarditis.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Ceftolozane sulfate is a cephalosporin antibiotic with action against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria and is used for treating complicated urinary tract infections and intra-abdominal infections.</p>

<p>Tilmicosin phosphate is a phosphate salt form of tilmicosin with similar action and applications as tilmicosin.</p>

<p>Moxalactam Sodium Salt (Mixture of diastereomers) is an oxacephem antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating infections caused by gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p>

Paromomycin sulfate is an antibiotic used for culture media to control bacterial contamination of mediums and other laboratory substances. Most Gram-negative bacteria strains are sensitive to paromomycin sulfate, showing a low sensitivity (≀10%) in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens. Paromomycin sulfate is also used in the treatment of colorectal cancer by blocking DNA synthesis through inhibition of protein synthesis in susceptible cells. This can result in reduced damage in colon tumor cells within the body, although it may have neurotoxic effects on brain tissue. Furthermore, it has anti-inflammatory properties when given orally or intravenously at therapeutic doses. Acridine orange can be used to identify sulfuric acid resistant gram.

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>