Antibiotics

<p>Amphotericin B is a macrocycle antibiotic first isolated from Streptomyces nodosus. Its antifungal activity is exerted by interacting with the fungal membrane, mainly ergosterol, and inducing pore formation. The increase in membrane permeability causes loss of ions and cell death. The C-2’ hydroxyl residue of the mycosamine carbohydrate moiety in the structure seems to have a major role in binding to ergosterol. It is used in cell culture to prevent growth of microbial contaminants, such as yeast and fungi. It is recommended by the WHO and CDC as an antifungal component for VTM at a concentration of 250ug/ml.</p>

<p>Dihydrostreptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating tuberculosis and bacterial infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Cefuroxime axetil is a prodrug of cefuroxime with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections like sinusitis, bronchitis, and gonorrhea.</p>

<p>Leucomycin A3 is a macrolide antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is used for treating bacterial infections and has shown potential antiviral activity.</p>

<p>Bleomycin A5 inhibits DNA replication and repair. It also cleaves RNA in vitro and in vivo, and exhibits anticancer activity. It is used for various types of cancer such as squamous cell cancers, melanoma, sarcoma, testicular and ovarian cancer, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.</p>

<p>Netilmicin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating severe bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Ethambutol is an antimicrobial compound, specifically an antitubercular agent, which is a synthetic derivative of ethylenediamine. It is classified as a bacteriostatic agent that primarily targets Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The mode of action of Ethambutol involves the inhibition of arabinosyl transferases, enzymes essential for the polymerization of arabinogalactan, a critical component of the mycobacterial cell wall. By disrupting cell wall biosynthesis, Ethambutol effectively hampers the growth and proliferation of the bacteria.</p>

<p>Bedaquiline fumarate is the salt form of bedaquiline, a diarylquinoline molecule with an ATP synthetase inhibitory activity. Bedaquiline fumarate is an FDA-approved drug for the oral treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Bedaquiline fumarate acts by inhibiting the activity of the ATP synthetase in the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, even in the case of multiple antibiotic resistant strains.</p>

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<p>Inhibitor of DNA replication; inhibitor of theophylline and caffeine metabolism</p>

<p>Enoxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating urinary tract infections and gonorrhea.</p>

<p>4'-Epidaunorubicin hydrochloride is an anthracycline antibiotic derivative, which is synthesized from modifications of natural products. It functions as a topoisomerase II inhibitor, which intercalates into DNA strands and disrupts replication and transcription, thereby inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. This compound is primarily utilized in the field of oncology for its potent anti-tumor activities. By forming stable complexes with DNA and topoisomerase II, 4'-Epidaunorubicin hydrochloride induces breaks in the DNA strands, leading to apoptosis of cancer cells. It is often used in treatment protocols for various malignancies, including leukemia and solid tumors. While highly effective, its administration is carefully managed to mitigate potential cardiotoxicity, a common attribute of anthracycline drugs. Research continues to explore its full potential and optimize delivery methods to enhance its therapeutic index.</p>

<p>Erythromycin stearate is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and sexually transmitted infections.</p>

<p>A fluoroquinolone antibiotic which inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by targeting the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. This second-generation fluoroquinolone has a broad spectrum of action and is more effective against Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Torezolid (Tedizolid) is an oxazolidinone antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.</p>

<p>Cefpodoxime proxetil is a prodrug of cefpodoxime with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and gonorrhea.</p>

<p>Cycloheximide is produced by the bacteria Streptomyces griseus. In eukaryotic organisms, it acts as an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis, interfering with protein elongation by binding to the E-site of ribosomes, after two elongation cycles. It has many in vitro applications, with the most popular being to determine a protein’s half-life. It is used as an antifungal in VTM. It does not appear to inhibit cell culture or viral replication at a concentration of 10ug/ml.</p>

<p>Avibactam free acid is a β-lactamase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections in combination with β-lactam antibiotics. It inactivates β-lactamases by a covalent and reversible mechanism</p>

<p>Broad-spectrum antibiotic; bacterial cell wall biogenesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Paromomycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating intestinal infections and leishmaniasis.</p>