Carboxylic Acids

<p>Applications Glyoxylic Acid is used as a reagent in the synthesis of N-{[6-chloro-4-(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)quinazolin-2-yl]carbonyl}-L-leucine, a novel nonpeptide chemotype selective for neurotensin receptor 2. Also used as a reagent in the synthesis of elemonic acid derivatives as Pin1 inhibitors.<br>References Thomas, J.B., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 25, 292 (2015); Li, X., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 24, 5612 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications 3,3-Dimethylbutyric Acid is used in the synthesis of imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine derivatives as anitmicrobial agents.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Jose. G., et. al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 77, 288 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-(tert-butoxy)-5-oxo-4-(4,7,10-tris(2-(tert-butoxy)-2-oxoethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-yl)pentanoic Acid has been used in synthesis of; GdDOTAGA(C18)2: an efficient amphiphilic Gd(III) chelate for the preparation of self-assembled high relaxivity MRI nanoprobes; bifunctional prochelators for coupling to bioactive peptides for radiometal labeling; DOTAGA-anhydride, building block for prepn. of DOTA-like chelating agents.<br>References Filippi M., et al., ChemComm., 51, 17455-17458 (2015); Eisenwiener K. P., et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 10, 2133-2135 (2000); Bernhard C., et al., Chem. Eur. J., 18, 7834-7841 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Applications Repaglinide intermediate.<br>References Wolfenbuttel, B., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 45, 113 (1993), Grell, W., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 41, 5219 (1998), Anon., et al.: Drugs Future, 24, 815 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-(4-((1-(Methoxycarbonyl)-2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl)phenyl)propanoic Acid is a reagent used in the preparation of Loxoprofen Sodium<br>References Liu, Q., et al.: Faming Zhuanli Shenqing (2016), CN 105218351 A 20160106<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Azidopropionic Acid is a mutagenic substance.<br>References LaVelle, J. M., et al.: Mutat. Res., 177, 27 (1987); Carlsson, L., et al.: J. Chem. Inf. Model., 49, 2551 (2009)<br></p>

<p>Applications Tetradecanedioic acid (cas# 821-38-5) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Citraconic Acid (cas# 498-23-7) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications DL-p-Hydroxyphenyllactic Acid is used as a reagent in the synthesis of 2-O-(4-coumaroyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactic acid, an important intermediate of rosmarinic acid biosynthesis.<br>References Matsuno, M., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 49, 1644 (2001)<br></p>

<p>Applications Phosphoric acid, ammonium salt (1:1) is a useful reagent for organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications Phthalanilic acid is a compound that is useful in the production of fertilizers.<br>References Liang, S., et al.: Faming Zhuanli Shenqing.,4 (2019)<br></p>

<p>Applications ACETOACETIC ACID ISOAMYL ESTER (cas# 2308-18-1) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Opianic Acid is a reagent used in the synthesis of novel 5-arylidene (thio)barbituric acid displaying urease activity.<br>References Vosooghi, M. et al.: J. Iran. Chem. Soc., 12, 1487 (2015);<br></p>

<p>Applications 5,6-dibromonicotinic acid (cas# 29241-64-3) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-Formylfuran-2-carboxylic Acid is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br>References Nocito, F., et al.: ACS Omega, 3, 18724 (2018); Chen, G., et al.: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 57, 16172 (2018)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Hydroxybutanoic Acid is an analyte used in the diagnoses of colorectal cancer as well as Type II diabetes. It is also used in the purification of the major Vibrio autoinducer and the study of its role in virulence factor production for cholera.<br>References Qiu, Y. et al.: J. Proteome Res., 8, 4844 (2009); Salek, R.. et al.: Phys. Genom., 29, 99, (2007); Higgins, D. et al.: Nature, 450, 883 (2007);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 3-Sulfanylhexyl Acetate is a precursor of 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (M225270) found in grape juice.<br>References Harsch, M.J., et al.: J. Agri. Food. Chem., 61, 3703 (2013); Makhotkina, O., et al.: Food. Chem., 135, 486 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications m-Toluic acid is used as a reagent in the preparation of hybrid molecules containing oxadiazole and thiadiazole bearing Schiff base moiety as it has antitumor activities.<br>References Zhang, K., et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 24, 5154 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications A benzoic acid derivative used in photolysis reactions and biomaterial studies.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Wetzels, G.M. et al.: Biomaterials., 20, 1879 (1999); Mao, C. et al.: Adv. Coll. Int. Sci., 110, 5 (2004);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 3-Carboxamidobenzoic acid<br></p>

<p>Applications Cis-Pinic Acid is used to develop an exposure system for the toxicological evaluation of particles derived from coal-fired power plants. It is formed from α-pinene (P466605) oxidation.<br>References Ruiz, P., et al.: Inhal. Toxicol., 19, 607 (2007); Kristensen, K., et al.: Atmos. Chem. Phy., 13, 3763 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Applications Syringic Acid is used in biological studies for electron transfer from plant phenolates to carotenoid radical cations with antioxidant interaction entering the Marcus theory inverted region.<br>References Cheng, H., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 62, 942 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications Reagent used for Horner-Emmons modification.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Hediger, M., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 12, 4995 (2004), Kim, J., et al.: Nat., 452, 239 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid (cas# 614-75-5) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications Used in the biological study of differentiation induced by nicotinic acid, nicotinamide and isonicotinic acid in human leukemia cell lines.<br>References Zeilinger, S., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 271, 25624 (1996), Panagiotou, G., et al.: J. Biotechnol., 118, 304 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Cyclohexenylcarboxylic Acid has been found to be an oxidizable, nongrowth substrate and induces the metabolism of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and benzoic acid in a strain of Pseudomonas putida. 3-Cyclohexenylcarboxylic Acid has been used as food for cultures of Streptomyces sp.  KCTC 11604BP fkbO deletion mutant to make 32-dehydroxy-FK506, a FK506 analogue containing a non-natural starter unit.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Blakley, E.R., Papish, B.: Can. J. Microbiol., 28, 1324 (1982); Ban, Y.H., et. al.: Mol. bioSystems, 9, 944 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Applications Ethyl 2-Mercaptoacetate is an off-odor compound in white wine and an eye irritant.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Nikolantonaki, M., Darriet, P.: J. Agr. Food Chem., 59, 10191 (2011); Bagley, D.M., et. al.: Toxicol. in vitro, 13, 505 (1999)<br></p>

<p>Applications N-(2,6-Diisopropylphenylcarbamoylmethyl)iminodiacetic Acid (cas# 65717-97-7) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)pentanoic acid (cas# 31129-95-0) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Methyl-3-hydroxyisothiazole-5-carboxylate (cas# 100241-89-2) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications 18-(tert-Butoxy)-18-oxooctadecanoic Acid is used to engineer long-acting, potent exendin-4 based GLP-1 analog for microstructure-based transdermal delivery for glycemic control.<br>References Yang, P., et al.: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 4140 (2016);<br></p>

<p>Applications Used as a general reagent in acylation reactions. A byproduct formed in treated waters, and found in marine life.<br> E0<br>References Zuckermann, R.N. et al.; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 10646 (1992); Bull, R., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 182, 55 (2002), Mitch, W., et al.: Water Sci. Technol., 2, 191 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Applications Ethacrynic Acid Epoxide is an intermediate in the synthesis of Ethacrynic Acid (E676000), a diuretic used to treat high blood pressure and swelling caused by congestive heart failure, liver failure and kidney failure.<br>References Beyer, et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 147, 1 (1965), Kim., et al.: Am. J. Cardiol., 27, 407 (1971), Williamson, H.E., et al.: J. Clin. Pharmacol., 17, 663 (1977),<br></p>

<p>Applications Pentafluorobenzoic acid (cas# 602-94-8) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Ethyl Cyano(hydroxyimino)acetate is used in peptide synthesis and has shown to suppress racemiztion, has high coupling efficiency in both solution and solid phase synthesis and is a non-explosive alternative to 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt).<br>References Khattab, S.N.: Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 83, 1374 (2010)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 4-Nitrobenzoic Acid is used in the synthesis of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents in the treatment of chagas disease.<br>References Palace-Berl, F. et al.: Bioorg, Med. Chem. Lett., 21, 5395 (2013); Zhou, L. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 56, 796 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications Acetic propionic anhydride<br></p>

<p>Applications (8Z,11Z,14Z)-8,11,14-Heptadecatrienoic Acid, is a naturally occurring hydroxylated fatty acid that is found in Acinetobacter species. It acts as a partial agonist of free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1/GPR40) and GPR84 receptors in vitro. It also inhibits bovine hepatic ligase (Ki = 4.4 μM) and mouse kidney mitochondrial medium-chain acyl-CoA synthetase by 48% at a concentration of 40 μM.<br>References Moss, C.W., et al.: J. Clin. Microbiol. 26(3), 484-492 (1988).; Kaspersen, M.H., et al.: Med. Chem. Commun. 8(6), 1360-1365 (2017).<br></p>

<p>Applications Reagent used in the addition of Phenothiazine (P318040).<br>References Zhang, Y., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 17, 707 (2007), Bansode, T., et al.: Pharm. Chem. J., 43, 311 (2009), Chelikani, R., et al.: App. Biochem. Biotechnol., 157, 263 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications DL-CITRAMALIC ACID (cas# 2306-22-1) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications ethyl 2-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyacetate (cas# 1185387-66-9) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Phosphoric Acid Tris(2-​methylpropyl) Ester is found in the groundwater downgradient of a landfill (Grindsted, Denmark). It is also a flame retardant and plasticizer.<br>References Holm, J., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 1415 (1995); Rodil, R., et al.: J. Chrmoat. A, 1216, 2958 (2009); Carcia-Lopez, M., et al.: J. Chromat., A, 1166, 9 (2007)<br></p>

<p>Applications Ethyl 4-Phenylacetoacetate is a useful synthetic intermediate. It is used to prepare pyrazolone derivatives as antiprion compounds. It is also used to prepare pyrrolinylaminopyrimidine analogs as inhibitors of AP-1 and NF-κB mediated gene expression.<br>References Kimata, A., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 50, 5053 (2007); Palanki, M., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chme. Lett., 12, 2573 (2002)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Oxohexanoic Acid (cas# 2492-75-3) has been useful in a biological study that investigated the impact of glutathione on wines oxidative stability.<br>References Nikolantonaki, M., et al.: Front. Chem. (Lausanne, Switzerland), 6, 182 (2018)<br></p>

<p>Applications Fumaric Acid is a compound that occurs in many plants. It is essential to vegetable and tissue respiration and also used as an antioxidant. Fumaric Acid is also a metabolite of Dimethyl Fumarate (D464965), a compound used as a treatment for the relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis and psoriasis.<br>References Jelitto, T., et al.: Planta, 188, 238 (1992); Schimrigk, S., et al.: Eur. J. Neurol., 13, 604 (2006); Son, H., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 8007 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-butoxyacetic acid (cas# 2516-93-0) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Stability Volatile<br>Applications Methyl Acetate is used as an organic chemical solvent for a multitude of organic processes. Also used in the production of biodiesel.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Xu, Y. et al.: J. mol. Cat., 32, 241 (2005); Ogino, H. et al.: J. Biosci. Bioeng., 89, 451 (2000);<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Hydroxytetradecanoic Acid is used in the preparation of liposomes coated with N-acylated molecular-weight. Also used in the synthesis of pseudomycin side-chain analogs. Also used in the study of Lipid A, a major constituent of the lipopolysaccharides, which are responsible for the toxicity of gram negative bacteria.<br>References Naberezhnykh, G. et al.: Chem. Nat. Comp., 46, 852 (2011); Chen, S. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 10, 2107 (2000); Carillo, S. et al.: Marine Drugs., 11, 184 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications Isopropyl Acetate is a widely used chemical solvent in organic and industrial syntheses. Also used in the dissolution of gallstones.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Zakko, S. et al.: Gastroenterol., 113, 232 (1997); Loeser, E. et al.: J. Chromatogr. A., 1216, 3409 (2009);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Pyridylthioacetic Acid (cas# 10351-19-6) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications D-Lactic Acid occurs in small quantities in the blood and muscle fluid of man and animals. The lactic acid concentration increases in muscle and blood after vigorous activity.<br>References He, W. et al.: Comp. Biochem. Phys. Part A: Mol. Int. Phys., 166, 308 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Applications Dithiocarbamate complexes serve as hosts for the specific binding of various metal cations.<br>References Bourson, J., et al.: J. Phys. Chem., 97, 4552 (1993), Lai, S., et al.: Inorg. Chem., 38, 4262 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications Cyclopropanecarboxylic Acid is used as a reagent in the synthesis of substituted 4-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-2H-phthalazin-1-ones as potent PARP-1 inhibitors. Also used as a reagent in the synthesis of 2-alkyloxazoles as potent and selective PI4KIIIβ inhibitors demonstrating inhibition of HCV replication.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Wang, L., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 24, 3739 (2014); Keaney, E.P., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 24, 3714 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications Octyl 3-Octyloxiraneoctanoic Acid (cas# 106-84-3) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications An intermediate of Montelukast.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br></p>

<p>Stability Air Sensitive, Hygroscopic<br>Applications 3-Mercaptolactic Acid is used in the phosphorylation and acetylation of histone H2B.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Chiang, K. et al.: ChemBioChem., 10, 2182 (2009);<br></p>

<p>Applications Di-β,β'-Chloroethylphosphoric Acid, is a dialkyl hydrogen phosphates, that can undergo the electrophilic trifluor- omethylation to produce trifluoromethyl phosphates in order to increase the lipophilicity of functional groups.<br>References Santschi, N., et al.: J. Fluorine Chem., 135, 83 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,2,5-Trimethyl-1,3-dioxane-5-carboxylic Acid (cas# 16837-14-2) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications Phosphoric Acid Tributyl Ester is used as a solvent in the solvent-detergent method for production of immunoglobulin for inactivation of viruses with lipid envelope on the model of duck hepatitis B virus. It is also used as a ligand in the extraction of lanthanide ions from solid and liquid materials by supercritical CO2.This compound is a contaminant of emerging concern (CECs).<br>References Zubkova, N., et al.: Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., 155, 821 (2013); Lin, Y., et al.: Anal. Chem., 66, 1971(1994)<br></p>

<p>Applications Ethyl Nitroacetate is an ester of nitrocarboxylic acid used as an intermediate in the preparation of unsubstituted amino acids.<br>References Sidorin, G.I.: Gig. Aspe. Okhr. Zdor. Nasel., 144 (1977);<br></p>

<p>Applications Occurs in unripe fruit and in young green leaves; has also been found in very young sugar beets.<br>References Lelieveld, J., et al.: Nature, 452, 737 (2008), da Silva, G., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 250 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-octylbenzoic acid (cas# 3575-31-3) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-[(phenylsulfanyl)methyl]benzenecarboxylic acid (cas# 1699-03-2) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Isophthalic Acid is a useful reagent for preparing semiconductor sealing materials, prepregs, build-up films, solder resists, dry films, and printed wiring boards.<br>References Matsumura, Y., &amp; Nakamura, A.: PCT Int. Appl. (2021), WO 2021006164 A1<br></p>

<p>Stability Air Sensitive<br>Applications Levopimaric Acid is a major component of pine oleoresin. It is an abietane-type of diterpene resin acid and has antibacterial, cardiovascular, and antioxidant properties.<br>References Kersten, P. J., et al.: J. Chem. Ecol., 32(12), 2679-85 (2006)<br></p>

<p>Applications Ethyl 2-Chloracetoacetate is used in the preparation of oxazoles and thiazoles as agonists for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ. It is also used to synthesize dimethylimidazothiadiazolecarbohydrazides with anticancer activities.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Sznaidman, M., et al.: Bioorg. Med. chem. Lett., 13, 1517 (2003); Terzioglu, N., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 38, 781 (2003)<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-n-Butoxybenzoic acid<br></p>

<p>Applications Nonadecanedioic Acid (cas# 6250-70-0) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 4,4'-(ETHYNE-1,2-DIYL)DIBENZOIC ACID (cas# 16819-43-5) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Polymaleic acid (cas# 26099-09-2) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 11-MERCAPTOUNDECANOIC ACID (cas# 71310-21-9) is a useful research chemical.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid (cas# 621-37-4) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-​Hydrazinobenzoic acid hydrochloride (cas# 24589-77-3) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications Ethyl Trifluoroacetate is an intermediate used in the synthesis of various pharmaceutically active molecules and agricultural products. Ethyl Trifluoroacetate is also useful for the preparation of trifluoroacylated compounds.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References HugenBerg, V., J. Fluorine. Chem., 131, 942 (2010); Belyakova, Z.V., et al.: Russ. J. Gen. Chem., 79, 2634 (2009); Wu, J.L., et al.: Jingxi. Huagong. Zhongjianti., 40, 64 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications Phenylboronic Acid is a compound used in organic synthesis of various pharmaceutical goods.<br>References Ainley, A.D., et al.: J. Chem. Soc., 2171 (1930);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-(4-Diethylamino-2-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic Acid<br></p>

<p>Applications 2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid(20% in water) (cas# 473-81-4) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Amino-4-(carboxymethyl)benzoic acid<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Carboxyphenylboronic Acid is used in phenylboronic acid-decorated gelatin nanoparticles for enhanced tumor targeting and penetration.<br>References Wang, X., et al.: Nanotechnology, 27, 385101 (2016); Wang, X., et al.: Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 113, 168 (2017)<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-(ETHOXYCARBONYL)BENZOIC ACID (cas# 713-57-5) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Veratric Acid is a derivative of Protocatechuic Acid. Veratric Acid is a reagent used in the production of antimicrobial agents, antifeedants, and a variety of other biologically active compounds.<br>References Alissandrakis, E., et al.: Eur. Food Res. Technol., 229, 365 (2009), Spaccini, R., et al.: Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 1164 (2009), Narasimhan, B., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 44, 689 (2009), Pereira, L., et al.: J. Biotechnol., 139, 68 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-hydroxy-2-nitrobenzoic acid (cas# 74230-08-3) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-(4,6-Bis(4-((2-ethylhexyloxy)carbonyl)phenylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino)benzoic Acid is an impurity in the synthesis of Ethylhexyl Triazone (E918810), used in sunscreen formulations as a UV filter to block out harmful ultraviolet light.<br>References Potard, G. et al.: Int. J. Pharm., 189, 249 (1999); Couteau, C. et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 44, 270 (2007);<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)propanoic acid (cas# 6622-54-4) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-(4-Hydroxycyclohexyl)acetic acid (cas# 99799-09-4) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-(Hydroxyimino)-3-phenylpropanoic acid (cas# 3682-17-5) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications (-)-α-Kainic Acid Monohydrate is the monohydrated form of (-)-α-Kainic Acid (K135010); a naturally occurring neuroexcitatory chemical that is a selective agonist for a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Administration of (-)-α-Kainic Acid has been shown to increase production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in neurons in many regions of the brain, particularly in the hippocampal subregions and in the hilus of dentate gyrus.<br>References Wacker, D.A., et al.: Synlett, 503 (1997); Dunleavy, M., et al.: J. Molec. Neurosci., 49, 202 (2013); Zhang, J., et al.: Neuron., 76, 1133 (2012); Yamada, J., et al.: Neurosci., 226, 119 (2012); Wang,Q., et al.: Mol. Neurobiol., 31, 3 (2005)<br></p>

<p>Applications Maleic Acid is used in the synthesis of pyridoindolones as potent inhibitors of Aurora kinases. Also is a reagent in the preparation of TiO2/carbon nanotube composites.<br>References Le, L. et al.: ChemMedChem., 8, 289 (2013); Yao, Y. et al.: Env. Sci. Tech., 42, 4952 (2008)l<br></p>

<p>Applications Antioxidant.<br>References Arnous, A., et al.: J. Agr. Food Chem., 49, 5736 (2001), Guendez, R., et al.: Food Chem., 89, 1 (2005), Proestos, C., et al.: Food Control,16, 319 (2005)<br></p>