Carboxylic Acids

Peptide YY (PYY) is a 36-amino acid peptide. It is cleaved from the larger protein, pancreatic polypeptide, by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV and circulates in plasma as PYY(3-36). The postprandial plasma levels of PYY are dose-dependent and increase with increasing doses of injected PYY. This response reflects the physiological effects of this hormone. A linear regression analysis revealed that PYY(3-36) has a significant effect on body weight loss and body mass index in humans. The effective dose for weight loss is yet to be determined, but it may be higher than 10 μg/kg/day.

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Intermediate in the synthesis of afatinib

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2-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid is a boron compound that can be used to synthesize a variety of target products. 2-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid occurs in the form of an oil and is an impurity in the target product, phenylboronic acid. This impurity can be removed by reacting with lithium benzotrifluoride. Lithiated 2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid is then reacted with phenylboronic acid to give lithiated phenylboronic ester in high yield. The lithiation reaction can be carried out under alkaline conditions or under a condition where the reactants are dissolved in water.

Apelin-13 is a peptide hormone that is secreted from the stomach and small intestine. It may have analgesic effects through its interaction with μ-opioid receptors, which are also activated by morphine. Apelin-13 has been shown to increase locomotor activity in rats, suggesting it can potentiate the antinociceptive effect of morphine.

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2-Chlorophenylboronic acid is a diphenyl ether that can be used as a building block for the synthesis of benzodiazepine receptor ligands. It has been shown to be an efficient nucleophile, leading to the formation of carbonyl groups in the presence of halides. 2-Chlorophenylboronic acid has also been shown to inhibit p38 kinase activity and may be useful for anticancer therapy.

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D,L-Benzylsuccinic acid is an oral hypoglycemic agent that belongs to the group of antidiabetic agents. It is a crystalline cellulose-based drug with a hypoglycemic effect. D,L-Benzylsuccinic acid has been shown to be effective in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis. The mechanism of action of this drug is not yet fully understood.

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Methyl 2,2-difluoro-2-(fluorosulfonyl)acetate is a chemical that belongs to the group of halides. It has a redox potential of -0.274 V (vs SCE). The methyl group in this chemical is substituted with a fluoro group and a sulfonyl group. The methyl 2,2-difluoro-2-(fluorosulfonyl)acetate has been shown to have receptor activity with dopamine as its agonist. This chemical also has an aromatic hydrocarbon ring and an oxygen atom. Methyl 2,2-difluoro-2-(fluorosulfonyl)acetate has been shown to be effective against cancer cells and may have metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus type II and Alzheimer's disease.

Motilin is a gastrointestinal hormone that stimulates gastric motility and the release of pancreatic enzymes. It is also used to treat postoperative ileus, abdominal pain, and gastroduodenal ulcers. Motilin is administered nasogastrically to stimulate the movement of food through the stomach and intestines. The trifluoroacetate salt form is used in this application because it has a longer duration of action than other salts.

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Dnp-Arg-Pro-Leu-Ala-Leu-Trp-Arg-Ser-OH trifluoroacetate salt is a potent, competitive inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 3 and MMP9. It binds to the catalytic zinc ion in the active site of these enzymes. Dnp-Arg-Pro-Leu-Ala-Leu-Trp-Arg-Ser-OH trifluoroacetate salt has been shown to inhibit tumor growth and promote neuronal death in vitro. This drug also blocks the release of matrix metalloproteins from cells, which are involved in extracellular processes such as cell migration and cell adhesion.

2-Cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid is a potent inhibitor of the cholinergic muscarinic receptors. It has been used as an anticholinergic drug and in pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. 2-Cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid is used to treat urinary incontinence, although it can also cause constipation. Side effects of 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy phenylacetic acid include headache, drowsiness, dry mouth, and blurred vision. 2 CPHPA is an inorganic acid that reacts with phosphorus pentachloride to form an organic phosphate ester called pentachlorophosphoric acid (PCPA). This reaction can be reversed by adding hydrochloric acid. The PCPA salt of 2 CPHPA is called diethylamine salt.

Hemokinin-1 is a hematopoietic cell growth factor that belongs to the group of neuropeptides. This protein has been shown to stimulate the production of white blood cells and is used as an adjuvant in vaccines. Hemokinin-1 stimulates the production of inflammatory cytokines and other proinflammatory substances. It also has been found to be involved in autoimmune diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases. The antigen binding site on Hemokinin-1 is located at residues Thr-Gly-Lys-Ala-Ser-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu (TGLKSGPFGL) and the receptor binding site at residues Met-NH2. The receptor for Hemokinin 1 is the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R).