Phenols

Demethoxycurcumin (DMC) is one of the main active compounds of curcuminoids found in turmeric powder, which is used as a spice in Asian cooking and traditional medicine, has anti-inflammation and anti-cancer activities, the mechanism of DMC-mediated anti-invasive activity involves modulation of the expression of invasion-associated proteins, possibly by targeting NF-κB in MDA-MB-231 cells.

Chebulic acid has effects against the progression of AGE-induced endothelial cell dysfunction, may constitute a promising intervention agent against diabetic vascular complications; it at both doses (25 and 50 mg/kg) improves biochemical alterations caused by renal ischemia in diabetic rats. Chebulic acid significantly reduced the tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced cell cytotoxicity, intracellular reactive oxygen species level, and the ratio of GSSH, oxidized form of glutathione (GSH) to the over total GSH (GSH + GSSG) (4.42%) as compared to that with t-BHP alone (8.33%).

Gastrodin has anti-inflammatory activity, can significantly attenuate levels of neurotoxic proinflammatory mediators and proinflammatory cytokines by inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway and phosphorylation of MAPKs in LPS-stimulated microglial cells, suggests that gastrodin has a potential as an anti-inflammatory drug candidate in neurodegenerative diseases.

Punicalagin has antifungal , antiviral, anti-atherosclerotic, hepatoprotective , anti-obesity., antiproliferative, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. It can suppress the phosphorylation of MAPK including p38, c-JNK, and ERK, it also has potently inhibiting the activity of fatty acid synthase with half-inhibitory concentration values (IC 50 ) of 4.50μM.

Orcinol glucoside(Sakakin) shows potent antioxidative and anxiolytic activities without sedative effects, it can improve depressive behaviour in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats by downregulating HPA axis hyperactivity and increasing BDNF expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the hippocampus.

Desoxyrhaponticin is an agent that is potentially effective in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetes. Desoxyrhaponticin could be considered as a promising fatty acid synthase(FAS) inhibitor, it could inhibit intracellular FAS activity and downregulate FAS expression in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells.

Rhapontigenin has antioxidative, antihyperlipidemic, antifungal and anticancer activities. Rhapontigenin inhibits HIF-1α accumulation and angiogenesis in PC-3 prostate cancer cells, suppresses breast cancer cell migration and invasion, which is involved in inhibiting the PI3K-dependent Rac1 signaling pathway. Rhapontigenin exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells.

Hericenone C (Hericium erinaceus ketone C) is a natural product and α-glucosidase inhibitor, which can be used for biochemical experiments and drug synthesis.

Sesamol is regarded as a major antioxidant component in the oil with chemoprevention, radioprotective efficacy, anti-antiinflammary, antimutagenic, and antihepatotoxic activities. Sesamol inhibits melanin biosynthesis by down-regulating tyrosinase activity and melanin production via regulation of gene expression of melanogenesis-related proteins through modulation of MITF activity, which promotes phosphorylation of p38 and JNK in melan-a cells.

Raspberry ketone glucoside has lasting effects for the inhibition of melanogenesis and various melanogenic factors after the degradation in the skin.