Glycoscience

<p>Methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside is a synthetic monosaccharide that has been fluorinated with bromine. The synthetic process for this compound is click chemistry, which involves the use of copper and a chiral ligand. Methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside is an example of a carbohydrate modification. It is also an oligosaccharide that contains three monosaccharides.<br>Methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside can be used in glycosylation or methylation reactions due to its high purity and custom synthesis. This compound can also be used as an Oligosaccharide due to its saccharide composition.</p>

<p>1,6-Anhydro-2-azido-3-O-benzoyl-4-O-(2,3-di-O-benzyl-6-methyl-b-Dglucopyranosyl)-bDglucopyranose is a custom synthesis that is an oligosaccharide with a molecular weight of 672.1 Da. It is a complex carbohydrate that has been modified to include saccharides and sugars, with the addition of methylation and glycosylation. This molecule has been fluorinated for the purpose of synthesizing a synthetic molecule.</p>

<p>4-Aminophenyl b-L-fucopyranoside is a synthetic, fluorinated carbohydrate with the CAS number 69936-58-9. It can be used in the synthesis of glycosides and oligosaccharides. This product is available for custom synthesis and modification.</p>

<p>(+)-Pinoresinol-b-D-glucoside is a fluorinated, monosaccharide that is synthetically produced by glycosylation. It can also be modified using methylation and click chemistry. The chemical formula for (+)-pinoresinol-b-D-glucoside is C10H14O8. It has a molecular weight of 288.24 g/mol and an empirical formula of (C10H14O8)2. The CAS number for this compound is 69251-963. This product is in the Carbohydrate family and has a purity level of &gt;99%.</p>

1,2,3,5,6-Penta-O-acetyl-D-galactofuranose is a condensation product of a 4-methylumbelliferone with the anomeric form of D-galactose. It is a white crystalline solid that can be obtained in yields up to 200 g per multigram of reactants. This compound has been shown to react with chloride ion and zinc chloride at elevated temperatures to yield the corresponding chloride or zinc salt. The crystal structure of this compound has been studied by x-ray diffraction and found to have an anomeric configuration and a space group P2(1)22(1). Carbohydrates are polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones containing at least one hemiacetal or hemiketal group in their structure. The general formula for carbohydrates is (Cx(H2O)y)z where x is usually 2 or 3, y is

<p>This beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivative is an azido-functionalized cyclic oligosaccharide composed of seven glucose units, characterized by a hydrophilic exterior and a lipophilic cavity (bigger than α-CD and smaller than γ-CDs), which allows it to encapsulate various guest molecules. This structural feature facilitates its use in multiple applications, including pharmaceuticals, food enhancement, and cosmetics. In the pharmaceutical industry, it enhances the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs, improving their bioavailability and efficacy while also masking unpleasant tastes. The food sector utilizes it as a stabilizer for flavors, colors, and nutrients, extending shelf life by protecting sensitive ingredients from degradation. In cosmetics, it serves as a complexing agent for fragrances and active components, ensuring their stability and controlled release. Its use expands to many other fields, including nanotechnology for drug delivery systems, environmental remediation for extracting organic pollutants, textiles for slow-release fragrances, and analytical chemistry for chiral separation.</p>

<p>Methyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside is a monosaccharide that is a member of the galactose family. It can be found in some foods, such as dairy products or soybean milk. Methyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside has been shown to promote lactose transport in cells. This compound is also used as a diagnostic marker for certain types of cancers and can be used to study sugar transport in cells. Methyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside has been shown to inhibit the enzyme activity of phosphatases and may be used for research purposes as a control for other experiments.</p>

<p>Intermediate in the synthesis of dapagliflozin</p>

<p>5'-Hydroxypropranolol-b-D-glucuronoside is a synthetic glycosylate of 5'-hydroxypropranolol. It can be modified with fluorine, methyl or click chemistry. The chemical name is O-(2,3,4,5-tetrafluorobenzoyl)glycine and the CAS number is 878183-10-6. This compound has a molecular weight of 471.8 g/mol and an empirical formula of C14H9F5NO5. It can be used in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.</p>

<p>Pullulan is a glucan elaborated by the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans. The chemical structure is essentially repeating units of maltotriose joined by α-1,6 linkages. Pullulan dissolves readily in water to form stable, viscous solutions that do not gel. The polysaccharide can be moulded, made into fibres and forms clear soluble films. Applications are in foods as a low calorie ingredient and the polysaccharide forms water soluble films that have been used as seed coatings and to coat fruit. Pullulan can also be used in industrial applications as a binder, film former and in pharmaceutical applications.  Average MW is typically 100-200kDa.  Viscosity is ca 120 mm2/s.<br>The image was kindly provided by Dr. Chris Lawson.</p>

<p>L-Arabinaric acid dipotassium salt is a custom synthesis of an L-arabinaric acid, which is a monosaccharide that is found in the cell wall of bacteria. This compound has been modified to be resistant to fluorination, methylation, and click chemistry. The modification process includes the use of Oligosaccharides, saccharides, and polysaccharides as well as glycosylation and sugar. L-Arabinaric acid dipotassium salt can also be used for the synthesis of complex carbohydrates.</p>

<p>1,6-Anhydro-3-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-b-D-glucopyranose is a glycosylation agent that is used in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. It has been modified by methylation, click modification, and fluorination to produce 1,6 anhydro-3-[2-(N′-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylidene]amino)-2-(N′-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylidene]amino)]ethylidene]-b -D glucopyranoside. This product is CAS No. 60932-82-7 and can be custom synthesized to produce high purity and low impurities.</p>

<p>Produced by the fast pyrolysis of cellulose</p>

<p>(1R) -1- [(2S, 3R,4S) -4-(Acetylamino)methyl-N-butyl-3- hydroxy- 1- azetidinyl] -1, 2- ethanediol is a synthetic glycoside that has been modified with fluorine. It has a number of applications in the synthesis of saccharides and polysaccharides for use as pharmaceuticals or food additives.</p>

<p>Poly-D-galacturonic acid methyl ester (PDGME) is a natural compound that has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. PDGME has been shown to increase the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins in mouse macrophages, as well as inhibit the activity of toll-like receptor 4, which may be due to its ability to induce caspase-independent cell death. PDGME also inhibits the growth of Clostridium difficile and other bacteria by inhibiting their enzyme activities. PDGME is water soluble and can be used as a reagent for biochemical studies.</p>

<p>2,5-Anhydro-D-mannofuranose is a biologically active compound that belongs to the group of inorganic acids. It has been shown to be an inhibitor of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. 2,5-Anhydro-D-mannofuranose inhibits platelet aggregation and prolongs bleeding time in rats by blocking glycosidic bond formation. This compound is also found as a constituent of oligosaccharides and nitrous oxide. Structural analysis has revealed that this molecule contains reactive groups and is acidic in nature. The analytical method for this compound is α1-acid glycoprotein. Monoclonal antibodies against fatty acid have been used for its detection in human serum.</p>

<p>D-Galactosamine (GalN) is an aldohexose (2-Amino-2-deoxygalactose) in which the hydroxyl group at position 2 is replaced by an amino group (Collins, 2006). Galactosamine (as the N-Acetyl derivative) forms a key part of both N- and O-linked glycoproteins, glycolipids and glycosaminoglycans. Treatment of experimental animals with D-galactosamine / lipopolysaccharide causes lethal liver injury characterized by apoptosis of the hepatocyte and it is used as a laboratory model to study the effect of therapeutic agents (Hirono, 2001).</p>

<p>B-D-glucose is a monosaccharide with the molecular formula C6H12O6. It is the major form of glucose in plants, and is one of the simplest carbohydrates. B-D-glucose is synthesized by photosynthesis in plants and used as an energy source for cellular respiration. The hydroxyl group of b-D-glucose reacts with p-hydroxybenzoic acid to form a new compound called glucopyranosiduronic acid. The hydroxyl group also reacts with sodium citrate to form sodium hydrogen citrate. This reaction can be used to measure the concentration of b-D-glucose in an unknown solution using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). B-D-glucose has been shown to have antidiabetic activity, as it improves insulin sensitivity, reduces blood glucose levels, and decrease body mass index (BMI) in animal models. A model system</p>

<p>The synthesis starts with a commercially available, methyl-protected, phenyl-protected 2-azetidinecarboxylic acid. The carbonyl group is then converted to an amide by reaction with ammonia in the presence of a base (such as triethylamine) and an appropriate coupling agent (such as HOBt). The amide is then deprotected by treatment with hydrochloric acid to give the desired product. This compound has not been characterized fully yet but it is expected to be a complex carbohydrate.</p>

<p>The blood group antigen Sialyl Lewis X (SLeX) is an oligosaccharide which plays a vital role in cell-cell recognition processes. SLeX is a terminal residue on glycolipids that are present on the surface of white blood cells and plays a key role in inflamation processes (Collins, 2006). The inital adhesion of white blood cells to a site of injury is mediated by E-selectins which specifically interact with SLeX. Cell-cell recognition between leukocytes and endothelial cells in blood is believed to occur in part through interactions between lectins and oligosaccharide ligands (Munro, 1992).</p>

<p>2,6-Anhydro-D-glycero-D-gluo-heptonic acid methylamide is a synthetic sugar that is used as a building block for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and monosaccharides. The glycosylation of 2,6-Anhydro-D-glycero-D-gluo-heptonic acid methylamide can be catalyzed by any of the glycosylators that use saccharides as substrates. This modification can also be achieved by methylation to produce methylated 2,6-Anhydro-D-glycero-D-gluo heptonic acid methylamide. It has been shown to exhibit antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1.</p>

<p>D-Altrose is an alpha-hydroxy acid that is synthesized from D-arabinose and trifluoroacetic acid. It has been shown to be a substrate for the synthesis of oligosaccharides, which are important in carbohydrate chemistry. This molecule can also be used as a reagent in the preparation of carbohydrates with a specific configuration at C2. One use of this product is in generating analytical methods that can distinguish between D-altrose and D-arabinose by monitoring the ratio of hydrogen fluoride to carbonyl group signals. D-Altrose may also be used in asymmetric synthesis, where it is a useful chiral building block for the construction of galacturonic acid derivatives.</p>

<p>3b,19a-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 28-b-D-glucopyranosyl ester is an Methylated saccharide. It is a white to off-white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and methanol. The CAS number for this product is 805829-15-6. This product can be custom synthesized with a modification of the glycosylation site, or glycosylation can be removed by Click chemistry.</p>

<p>2-Acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-L-galactose (ADG) is a sugar that belongs to the group of monosaccharides. It is produced by the enzyme synthase and is found in bacteria such as type strain S. mutans and P. aeruginosa. ADG has been shown to be an inhibitor of cell lysis and can be used for the treatment of staphylococcus infections. In addition, it has shown to have anti-inflammatory properties due to its ability to inhibit hydrogen fluoride induced inflammation in mice.</p>

<p>1,2:3,4-Di-O-isopropylidene-a-D-galacturonide is an intermediate in the synthesis of D-galactosamine. It is a white crystalline solid with a melting point of 217°C. The compound has been shown to have biological properties including antiviral and immuno-stimulatory activities. This chemical is synthesized by the stepwise addition of chlorides to the hydroxyls of 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylideneacetone.</p>

<p>Methyl a-L-fucopyranoside is a natural product that has been shown to have many biological effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria by binding to the ribosome, preventing protein synthesis and cell division. The compound has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in mice with inflammatory bowel disease. Methyl a-L-fucopyranoside inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon alfa-2b (IFNα2β), which is induced by IFNγ. This inhibition of IFNα2β activity may be due to methyl a-L-fucopyranoside's ability to bind to cytosolic calcium and inhibit its transport into the nucleus. Methyl a-L-fucopyranoside also blocks the production of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins or cathelicidins.</p>

<p>(2R, 3S, 4R) -4-Acetamido- 3 benzhydryloxybis(trimethylsilyloxy)silyloxy - 2- [( benzhydryloxybis(trimethylsilyloxy)silyloxy) methyl ] - 1- benzyl- pyrrolidine is a modification of an oligosaccharide. It is a high purity, custom synthesis and synthetic. This compound has CAS No., Monosaccharide, Methylation, Glycosylation, Polysaccharide, sugar and Fluorination.</p>

<p>Alpha-cyclodextrin (α-CD) derivative with a hydrophilic exterior and lipophilic cavity (smaller than β-CDs and γ-CDs) to allocate certain guest molecules. This structural characteristic enables applications in molecular encapsulation, solubility enhancement, and stabilization across multiple industries. In pharmaceuticals, it serves as a drug delivery vehicle, enhancing the bioavailability and stability of active ingredients. The food industry utilizes it as a stabilizer for flavors, colors, and nutrients, as well as a functional ingredient for its effects on lipid metabolism. In cosmetics, it acts as a complex agent for fragrances and active components. Its applications extend to analytical chemistry for chiral separation and to materials science for developing smart materials and nanosystems.</p>

<p>D-Mannurono-6,3-lactone is a carbohydrate that can be found in plants. The compound is a monosaccharide and an isomer of D-mannose. It consists of 6 carbon atoms, 3 oxygen atoms, and 1 nitrogen atom. D-Mannurono-6,3-lactone has been shown to have kinetic properties that are different from other carbohydrates. The chromatographic method used to isolate the compound was based on its acidic properties. This acid hydrolysis allowed for the separation of the molecule into two components: one with a pK value of 4.5 and another with a pK value of 2.5. These components were then separated using a fluorimetric method due to their differing fluorescence intensities at 490 nm and 530 nm wavelengths. <br>D-Mannurono-6,3-lactone has been shown to interact with fulvellum (an antibiotic). This interaction</p>

<p>4-Pentenyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2,3-phenylethylidene-a-D-mannopyranoside is a modification of the natural oligosaccharide, mannose. The complex carbohydrate is synthesized using a custom synthesis and has a high purity that meets the CAS No. requirements. This molecule has been fluorinated and saccharides have been methylated and glycosylated.</p>

<p>N-Benzyl-3,5-dideoxy-3,5-imino-D-lyxofuranose is a fluorinated sugar with a complex carbohydrate. It is synthesized by glycosylation of N-benzylglycine and D-lyxofuranose. This compound can be used for the synthesis of glycoproteins, polysaccharides and other complex carbohydrates. It has been modified using methylation and click chemistry to produce a wide range of derivatives. The compound can be used for research purposes in glycobiology, biochemistry, and materials science.</p>

<p>1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-acetyl-6-S-acetyl-6-deoxy-6-thio-b-D-glucopyranose is a synthetic compound that is used as a building block for the synthesis of other compounds. It is an acetylated oligosaccharide that can be modified with fluorine atoms to form 1,2,3,4-tetra-[F]fluoro-[F]deoxy-[F]thio-[F]hexose. This product has high purity and can be used in glycosylation reactions.</p>

<p>N-Benzyl-3,5-dideoxy-3,5-imino-1,2-O-isopropylidene-b-L-lyxofuranose is an oligosaccharide with a 3,5 dideoxy sugar. It is a modification of the natural carbohydrate L -lyxohexaose. This synthetic compound was custom synthesized and has high purity. The CAS No. for this compound is: 233878-37-6. N -Benzyl -3,5 -dideoxy -3,5 -imino -1,2--O--isopropylidene--b--L--lyxofuranose is not a monosaccharide or polysaccharide but rather a sugar that can be methylated or glycosylated. It has fluorination and saccharides that are modified with fluorine.</p>

<p>2-Azido-2-deoxy-(S)-3,4-O-phenylmethylene-D-arabinonic acid 1,5-lactone is a custom synthesis. It is a modification of the natural sugar arabinose. The chemical structure has been modified by fluorination and methylation. This product can be used in the synthesis of monosaccharide and saccharide oligosaccharides. 2-Azido-2-deoxy-(S)-3,4-O-phenylmethylene-D-arabinonic acid 1,5 -lactone is an organic compound that belongs to the group of carbohydrates and polysaccharides.</p>

<p>3-O-Benzyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-b-L-lyxofuranose is an oligosaccharide that is a member of the class of carbohydrates. It has a saccharide sequence that is composed of three monosaccharides: b-D-glucopyranose, L-xylopyranose, and β-(3’,4’)-benzylidene erythritol. The carbohydrate is modified with fluorine atoms at the two hydroxyl positions on the glucose unit and a benzyl group at the C4 position on the xylopyranose unit. 3-O-Benzyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene -b -L -lyxofuranose is useful for click chemistry reactions due to its reactive benzyl group. This product has high purity and can be custom synthesized to</p>

<p>4-Methylphenyl 2-O-acetyl-3-O-benzyl-β-D-thioglucuronide is a modification of the oligosaccharide, carbohydrate complex carbohydrate. It is synthesized by custom synthesis. This product has CAS No. and is a monosaccharide, methylation and glycosylation. The molecular weight of this product is 676.4 Da and it contains no other functional groups except for a fluorine atom in its structure.</p>

<p>GlcA[3S]b(1-3)Galb(1-4)GlcNAcb(1-2)Mana-Ethylazide is an oligosaccharide used in glycosylation and esterification reactions. It is a complex carbohydrate that consists of a methylated mannosamine backbone, with alpha-D-glucose and alpha-D-galactose units attached to the mannosamine. GlcA[3S]b(1-3)Galb(1-4)GlcNAcb(1-2)Mana-Ethylazide has a fluorinated ethyl group at the 3 position of the mannosamine, which can be modified with other reactive groups. The CAS number for this compound is 84726-43-7.</p>

<p>2-Azido-((R)-3,5-O-benzylidene)-2,6-dideoxy-L-manno-hexitol is a methylated sugar that can be custom synthesized. It has CAS number of 4783-79-8. The chemical formula for this compound is C12H22N2O11 and the molecular weight is 538.3 g/mol. This product is a white to off white crystalline powder with a melting point of 200 degrees Celsius and an assay of 98%. This product is not soluble in water or alcohol. In addition, this product does not contain any heavy metals or toxic residues.</p>

<p>2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-b-D-fructopyranose azide sulphate is a custom synthesis. It has been fluorinated and methylated by the click chemistry method. The compound is a complex carbohydrate with a high purity and modification level. 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-b-D-fructopyranose azide sulphate can be used for glycosylation or oligosaccharide synthesis. CAS No. 106881-35-0</p>

<p>2-C-Methyl- 2,3-O-isopropylidene -D-lyxonic acid g-lactone is a synthetic monosaccharide that is used as a building block in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. It can be fluorinated and glycosylated to form saccharides. This product has been custom synthesized and is offered at high purity levels.</p>

<p>6-Deoxy-D-lactose is a custom synthesized, complex carbohydrate that is an Oligosaccharide. It is a polysaccharide with a CAS number of 52689-62-0. 6-Deoxy-D-lactose has been modified by methylation and glycosylation and can be used as a Modification of saccharides. 6-Deoxy-D-lactose has been fluorinated and it can be synthesized by Click modification of sugar or high purity. 6-Deoxy-D-lactose is a white, crystalline powder that is soluble in water, ethanol, and acetone.br&gt;<br>6 Deoxy Lactose (6DL) is an oligosaccharide that consists of one glucose molecule linked to one galactose molecule via alpha 1--&gt;4 glycosidic linkage. The chemical formula for 6DL is C 12 H 22 O 11 . 6DL</p>

<p>Methyl 2,3-di-O-benzyl-4,6-O-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-a-D-mannopyranoside is a custom synthesis of a complex carbohydrate. It has been modified to include an Oligosaccharide and Polysaccharide, which are saccharides. This product can be used for the synthesis of glycosylation and carbonylation reactions. Methyl 2,3-di-O-benzyl-4,6-O-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-a-D-mannopyranoside is high purity with a fluorination process that ensures the highest quality.</p>

<p>D-Maltose 1-phosphate dipotassium salt is a disaccharide that can be used in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. It is also an excellent candidate for further modification.</p>

<p>This beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivative is a functionalized cyclic oligosaccharide composed of seven glucose units, characterized by a hydrophilic exterior and a lipophilic cavity (bigger than α-CD and smaller than γ-CDs), which allows it to encapsulate various guest molecules. This structural feature facilitates its use in multiple applications, including pharmaceuticals, food enhancement, and cosmetics. In the pharmaceutical industry, it enhances the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs, improving their bioavailability and efficacy while also masking unpleasant tastes. The food sector utilizes it as a stabilizer for flavors, colors, and nutrients, extending shelf life by protecting sensitive ingredients from degradation. In cosmetics, it serves as a complexing agent for fragrances and active components, ensuring their stability and controlled release. Its use expands to many other fields, including nanotechnology for drug delivery systems, environmental remediation for extracting organic pollutants, textiles for slow-release fragrances, and analytical chemistry for chiral separation.</p>

<p>5-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-xylitol is a disaccharide that is synthesized for use in research.</p>

<p>Allyl 2,4,6-tri-O-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-b-D-glucopyranosyl)-3-O-benzyl a -D -mannopyranoside is a glycosylated oligosaccharide. It is synthesized from 3,4,6 tri O acetyl 2 deoxy 2 phthalimido b D glucopyranosyl chloride and allyl alcohol by the click reaction with sodium azide in the presence of palladium catalysis. This product has been fluorinated at the 6 position of allose. The purity of this product is high and it has been modified on the saccharide chain with methyl groups at the C1 and C2 positions of glucose. Allyl 2,4,6 tri O (3 4 6 tri O acetyl 2 deoxy 2 phthalimido b D gluc</p>

<p>1-Amino-2,4-O-benzylidene-D-butane-2,3,4-triol is a custom synthesis. This compound is an oligosaccharide that has been modified with methylation, glycosylation, and click modification. Carbohydrate molecules are saccharides that have a sugar as their backbone. Saccharides can be classified as monosaccharides (simple sugars) or polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates). This compound is a high purity synthetic that has been fluorinated and has undergone glycose chemistry to produce a desired product.</p>

<p>One of the most important properties of this product is that it has a high degree of purity. It is a custom synthesis, complex carbohydrate and an oligosaccharide. This product is a CAS No., Polysaccharide, Modification, saccharide, Methylation, Glycosylation, Click modification, Carbohydrate and sugar. The molecular weight of this product is 1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-pivaloyl-6-O-triisopropylsilyl-b-D-galactopyranose. It also has a fluorination and synthetic modification.</p>

<p>Isopropyl-a-D-thiomannopyranoside is a custom synthesis that is a methylated oligosaccharide. It has been modified by click chemistry to introduce an acetate group at the C4 position of the mannose residue. This product may be used in the preparation of polysaccharides, saccharides and carbohydrates. Isopropyl-a-D-thiomannopyranoside is a white solid that is soluble in methanol and ethanol but insoluble in water. It has been shown to have high purity and high chemical stability.</p>

<p>Tri-mannuronic acid sodium salt (b-1,4-linked sodium mannuronotriose) is one of a number of oligosaccharides obtained from alginate which is a polysaccharide in brown seaweeds containing: blocks of repeating mannuronic acid sequences (M-M-M-M etc), repeating guluronic acid sequences (G-G-G-G etc), and alternating M-G-M-G sequences.Oligosaccharides can be released using several methods (Lua, 2015; Yanga, 2004) and claims have been published that mannuronic acid oligosaccharides for example, can be effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease, or for the prophylaxis and treatment of diabetes (USP 8835403B2, 2014).</p>