Antimicrobials

<p>A broad-spectrum antibiotic of macrolide class, which inhibits 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis. Spiramycin is also effective against Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as protozoal parasite Toxoplasma gondii.</p>

<p>Binds cyclophilin D and inhibits calcineurin; immunosuppressant</p>

<p>Inhibitor of bacterial cell wall biogenesis; cephalosporin</p>

<p>Desfuroyl ceftiofur sodium is a veterinary cephalosporin antibiotic, which is derived from cephalosporin C, a beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to and inactivating penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This prevents the cross-linking of peptidoglycan layers, leading to cell lysis and bacterial death, particularly effective against Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria.</p>

<p>Neomycin EP impurity C (Neomycin C) trifluoroacetate is a reference standard, which is a meticulously characterized chemical impurity often used in pharmaceutical analysis. This compound is derived from the fermentation of *Streptomyces fradiae*, which produces a complex mixture of aminoglycoside antibiotics, including Neomycin B and Neomycin C.</p>

<p>Lactoferrin is a multifunctional glycoprotein, which is primarily sourced from bovine milk, human milk, and other mammalian secretions. With its high affinity for iron, lactoferrin sequesters iron ions, which inhibits bacterial growth by depriving them of the iron necessary for proliferation. This mechanism enables lactoferrin to exhibit potent antimicrobial properties.</p>

<p>Validoxylamine A is an antibiotic, which is a secondary metabolite produced by certain strains of the Actinomyces species. It functions as a potent inhibitor of the enzyme glucose isomerase, which plays a crucial role in the isomerization of glucose to fructose, an important biochemical reaction in various microbial and plant systems.</p>

<p>Enduracidin hydrochloride is an antimicrobial compound, which is a lipopeptide antibiotic derived from the genus Streptomyces, specifically Streptomyces fungicidicus or Streptomyces roseosporus. The compound exerts its antimicrobial activity by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, primarily targeting the lipid II cycle, a critical precursor in the peptidoglycan synthesis pathway. This inhibition disrupts the construction of peptidoglycan layers, ultimately leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Galidesivir dihydrochloride is an investigational antiviral drug, which is a synthetic nucleoside analogue with broad-spectrum activity. It is derived from a modified adenosine analog structure, targeting viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Galidesivir functions through the incorporation into viral RNA, leading to premature termination of RNA synthesis, effectively inhibiting viral replication. This mechanism aligns with its utility in combating various RNA viruses.</p>

<p>Vulgamycin is a novel antibiotic, which is derived from a specific strain of soil bacteria belonging to the genus *Streptomyces*. This microorganism is known for its prolific secondary metabolite production, enabling the development of unique compounds with therapeutic potential. Vulgamycin operates by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, a mechanism of action that targets key enzymatic pathways, resulting in effective bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria.</p>

<p>Dolutegravir sodium is an HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitor with action on HIV integrase to block viral replication and is used for treating HIV/AIDS in combination with other antiretroviral medications.</p>

<p>9’-Deoxy-8’,8’-dihydroxyherbicidin is a specialized compound, classified as an antibacterial agent and secondary metabolite, which is naturally derived from microbial sources, specifically certain strains of actinomycetes. These microorganisms are prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites, including antibiotics and herbicidins, which exhibit diverse biological activities.</p>

<p>Adefovir is an antiviral drug that is used for the treatment of hepatitis B infections. This drug works by blocking the enzyme reverse transcriptase, therefore preventing the replication of the virus in the body.</p>

<p>Herbicidin H is a naturally occurring microbial herbicide, which is derived from specific strains of soil-borne bacteria. This compound is primarily isolated from Streptomyces species, known for their prolific production of various bioactive secondary metabolites. The mode of action of Herbicidin H involves the disruption of essential cellular processes within plant cells, particularly affecting nucleic acid synthesis. This disruption leads to impaired growth and eventual plant death, making it a potent agent against a range of undesirable plant species.</p>

<p>A derivative of azithromycin, used as an antibiotic</p>

<p>This product is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>This product is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>Santonin is a terpenoid compound with action as an anthelmintic by paralyzing parasitic worms and is used for expelling intestinal worms.</p>

<p>2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one is a biocidal agent, which is a synthetic compound derived from isothiazolinone chemistry. Its primary mode of action involves the inhibition of microbial cell growth by disrupting essential enzyme systems within the cells, leading to cell death. This compound is often supplied as a 50% aqueous solution, facilitating its integration into different mediums.</p>

<p>Ribavirin is a guanosine nucleoside analog with broad-spectrum antiviral properties. Ribavirin gets phosphorylated to ribavirin triphosphate in cells and competes with natural nucleotides for incorporation in a nascent RNA chain, thus interfering with RNA synthesis by inhibiting viral RNA polymerases. Ribavirin is also an inhibitor of inosinate dehydrogenase (IMP), which is involved in the biosynthesis of GTP.</p>

<p>2-[(2-Amino-6-oxo-3H-purin-9-yl)methoxy]ethyl (2S)-2-aminopropanoate is a nucleotide analog, a synthetic compound designed to mimic the structure of natural nucleotides incorporated into DNA. It is derived from chemical synthesis to specifically interfere with viral DNA replication. The compound acts by selectively inhibiting viral DNA polymerase, an enzyme essential for the replication of viral genetic material. This inhibition effectively halts the proliferation of the virus, rendering it unable to reproduce within the host cell.</p>

<p>Gentamicin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Micromonospora. This derivative exhibits its mode of action by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, disrupting protein synthesis. As a result, it causes misreading of mRNA, ultimately leading to cell death, thereby exhibiting bactericidal effects.</p>

<p>Oxiconazole is an anti-fungal agent that is used for the treatment of various dermatophyte infections. It can be used to treat athlete’s foot, ringworm and jock itch. This drug inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis and acts to destabilize the fungal cytochrome enzyme P450 51. Additionally, this drug has shown to inhibit DNA synthesis and suppress concentrations of ATP.</p>

<p>Fengycin A analogue is an antifungal lipopeptide, which is a cyclic compound derived from microbial sources, specifically produced by Bacillus subtilis strains. It functions primarily by disrupting the cell membranes of pathogenic fungi, leading to altered membrane permeability and subsequent cell death. The unique structure of fengycin allows it to interact with membrane lipids, compromising membrane integrity and inhibiting fungal growth.</p>

<p>Carbomycin is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces halstedii. This antibiotic functions by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Through this mechanism, carbomycin effectively disrupts the growth and replication of susceptible bacterial strains, making it a potent tool in combating bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Cefditoren acid sodium is an antibacterial agent that belongs to the class of third-generation cephalosporins, which is derived from Acremonium fungus and produced through chemical synthesis. This compound acts by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and death. It achieves this by binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall. The interruption of peptidoglycan synthesis in the cell wall is crucial for maintaining bacterial cell integrity, and its inhibition results in the bactericidal activity of cefditoren acid sodium. It is effective against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The key applications of this compound include the treatment of bacterial infections such as respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and other conditions caused by susceptible bacteria. Its spectrum of activity and pharmacokinetic properties make it suitable for situations where third-generation cephalosporins are indicated. Understanding the specific interaction with PBPs and the resistance mechanisms is crucial for optimizing its clinical use and managing antibiotic resistance.</p>

<p>Ampicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes. Ampicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins in the bacterial cell wall by competitive inhibition. It prevents the formation of an antibiotic-inhibitor complex with the enzyme cell wall synthesis that is required for cell wall biosynthesis, inhibiting protein synthesis and cell division.</p>

<p>Cefatrizine is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a semisynthetic cephalosporin derived from cephalosporin C, a natural product originating from the fungus Acremonium chrysogenum. It exerts its mode of action through the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, a critical component for bacterial growth and replication. Specifically, cefatrizine targets and binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, leading to the inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis. This disruption results in cell lysis and ultimately bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Amphotericin B is a macrocycle antibiotic with very potent antifungal effects and resistance very rarely occurs. Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal that binds to fungal cell membrane, i.e., ergosterol disrupts the membrane permeability leading to leakage of intracellular components. It is often used as an alternative therapy for leishmaniasis and to treat severe mycoses including: systemic Candida, Cryptococcus, blastomycosis, and histoplasmosis.</p>

<p>Cidofovir is an anti-viral agent that is used to treat Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS. This drug suppresses CMV replication by inhibiting viral DNA synthesis.</p>

<p>Taurine derivative; used to prevent infection in catheters</p>

<p>Tubulin ligand which promotes microtubule assembly and stabilises microtubule cytoskeleton against depolymerisation. The compound has anti-tumoral activity since its interference with cytoskeleton dynamics affects the assembly of mitotic spindle, segregation of chromosomes, cell division and blocks the cell cycle in G1 or M phase. The compound is also used for the purification of tubulin or microtubule-associated proteins.</p>

<p>Clevudine-d4 is a deuterium-labeled analog of the nucleoside analogue clevudine, which is a synthetic antiviral compound. It is derived from chemical synthesis, specifically designed for research purposes involving the metabolic and pharmacokinetic pathways of clevudine. Clevudine-d4 acts as an inhibitor of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) by interfering with the viral DNA polymerase. It incorporates into viral DNA, leading to chain termination during HBV replication.</p>

<p>Terbinafine is an antifungal drug that is used in the treatment of dermatophyte infections of the toenails and fingernails. Terbinafine also treats other skin infections. This drug works by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis which in return inhibits fungal squalene monooxygenase. This results in a disruption of fungal cell wall synthesis.</p>

<p>rec beta-Defensin 2 (human) is a recombinant peptide, which is a human-derived antimicrobial protein. It is sourced through recombinant DNA technology, enabling the production of a synthetic version of the natural peptide found in epithelial cells. Its mode of action involves disrupting microbial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis, in addition to modulating the immune response by interacting with immune cells and enhancing the production of cytokines.</p>

<p>Bleomycin is an antineoplastic antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces verticillus*. Its mode of action involves binding to DNA and inducing strand breaks through the generation of free radicals, particularly in regions rich in guanine and cytosine. This leads to inhibition of DNA synthesis and, consequently, cellular replication, making it effective in targeting rapidly dividing cancer cells.</p>

<p>Ceftaroline fosamil is an antibacterial agent used to treat various bacterial infections such as pneumonia. Ceftaroline fosamil binds to the ribosomal RNA of bacteria, preventing the formation of proteins necessary for cell division. Ceftaroline fosamil has been shown to be highly active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, and fungi such as Candida species.</p>

<p>This product is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>4-Epichlortetracycline is a metabolite of chlortetracycline, which is derived from the Streptomyces genus of bacteria. It is structurally related to tetracycline antibiotics but differs specifically in its epimerization at the fourth position. This alteration results in a product with significantly reduced antibacterial activity compared to its parent compound. The mechanism of action primarily involves ribosomal binding, inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria; however, the epimerization here compromises this efficacy.</p>

<p>Ceftazidime is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). It is used to treat many bacteria infections including pneumonia and septicaemia. It has shown to be effective against some treatment-resistant bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</p>

<p>Fosmidomycin sodium hydrate is an antibiotic, which is a natural product derived from Streptomyces lavendulae. This compound specifically inhibits the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis by targeting 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), an essential enzyme in the pathway. By disrupting this process, fosmidomycin effectively impedes the synthesis of essential isoprenoid precursors, which are crucial for the survival and proliferation of certain bacteria and parasites.</p>

<p>Amicoumacin B is a bacterial metabolite, which is derived from *Bacillus subtilis*. This compound exhibits a strong antibacterial function by targeting bacterial ribosomes, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. As a result, it disrupts the growth and proliferation of bacterial cells, making it effective against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria.</p>

<p>Anti-malarial quinine analogue; effective against Covid-19 infection in vitro</p>

<p>Ninhydrin is a chemical reagent, which is a saturated triketone compound utilized extensively in biochemical analysis and forensic science. It is synthesized through the dehydrogenation of related organic compounds and is often encountered in its crystalline form.</p>

<p>Tautomycin is a natural compound classified as a polyketide, which is isolated from the bacterium *Streptomyces spiroverticillatus*. This bacterium is renowned for its ability to produce biologically active secondary metabolites with diverse pharmacological properties. Tautomycin is recognized for its mode of action as a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases, specifically protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). These enzymes play critical roles in cellular processes by regulating phosphorylation states, which control various signaling pathways within the cell.</p>

<p>Tubulysin A is a natural cytotoxic agent, which is derived from myxobacteria. The compound originates from strains such as Archangium gephyra and Angiococcus disciformis, known for their prolific production of secondary metabolites. Tubulysin A exerts its mode of action by disrupting microtubule dynamics, which are essential for cell division and intracellular transport. It specifically binds to the microtubules and inhibits their polymerization, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in rapidly dividing cells.</p>

<p>Activator of the two-pore domain potassium channel TASK3</p>

<p>Bleomycin A5 is an antitumor antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces verticillus*. Its mode of action involves the induction of DNA strand breaks, primarily by forming complexes with metal ions such as iron, which can generate reactive oxygen species. These species cause oxidative damage to the DNA, leading to single- and double-strand breaks. This DNA cleavage is crucial for its efficacy in inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells.</p>

<p>Tachyplesin I trifluoroacetate is an antimicrobial peptide with action on bacterial and fungal membranes by disrupting their integrity and is used for research on antimicrobial properties and potential therapeutic applications.</p>

<p>Tosufloxacin toluenesulfonate hydrate is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating bacterial infections, particularly respiratory infections.</p>