Antimicrobials

<p>STAADIUMTM PeptiZide L-Pyr is a targeted inhibitor for pyroglutamyl-aminopeptidase-producing bacteria. The antibacterial activity of STAADIUMTM PeptiZide L-Pyr is triggered by the enzyme pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase (a.k.a. pyrase or pyrrolidonyl peptidase) that is present, not only in bacteria, but also in archaea, plants and animals. STAADIUMTM PeptiZide can be used to suppress the growth of Citrobacter freundii on diagnostic agar plates for Salmonella. L-pyrrolidonyl peptidase activity has also been exploited to distinguish Enterococcus species and Streptococcus pyogenes from other Streptococaceae species. More details in the application notes document.</p>

<p>DMDNA31 is a synthetic nucleotide analog, which is a man-made compound designed to mimic the natural building blocks of DNA. It originates from advanced chemical synthesis processes, allowing precise control over its structure to mimic specific nucleotide sequences. DMDNA31 operates by integrating into DNA strands during replication, thereby enabling the study of genetic mutations and the mapping of genomic sequences.</p>

<p>Ceftriaxone sodium is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like meningitis and pneumonia.</p>

<p>Ofloxacin Q acid is a quinolone analog, which is a synthetic derivative known for its significant antibacterial properties. This compound is sourced from the chemical synthesis of fluoroquinolone derivatives, designed to enhance reactivity and efficacy in pharmaceutical applications. Ofloxacin Q acid acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes critical for DNA replication, transcription, and repair, thereby leading to the cessation of bacterial growth and replication.</p>

<p>Oxibendazole-amine hydrochloride is a synthetic anthelmintic compound, which is a derivative of benzimidazole, known for its broad-spectrum efficacy against various helminths. It primarily acts by disrupting the polymerization of tubulin into microtubules, effectively impairing essential cellular structures and functions within parasitic worms, leading to their death.</p>

<p>Bacampicillin Hydrochloride is an aminopenicillin antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections. It is a prodrug that is converted to ampicillin in the body, which then inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.</p>

<p>14-Bromodaunorubicin HBr is a synthetic antitumor antibiotic derivative, which is a modified version of daunorubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic originally isolated from Streptomyces peucetius. With the inclusion of a bromine atom at the 14th position, this compound is designed to enhance the antitumor efficacy and alter pharmacokinetic properties compared to its parent molecule.</p>

<p>Erythromycin C is a macrolide antibiotic, which is a type of product derived from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. It functions by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis through blocking translocation of peptidyl-tRNA. This mode of action effectively prevents bacterial growth and replication, making it a potent bacteriostatic agent.</p>

<p>Sancycline hydrochloride is a tetracycline antibiotic, which is derived from the natural fermentation process of Streptomyces bacteria. The mechanism of action involves the inhibition of protein synthesis by bindin directly to the 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site of the ribosome. This action effectively halts the growth of bacteria by impeding protein production, making it bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal.</p>

<p>Ceftizoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and gonorrhea.</p>

<p>Cefazolin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is an effective cephalosporin antibiotic against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Cefazolin is used in clinical isolates to inhibit the growth of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus, resistant microorganisms, and systemic inflammation. Some studies has shown good results to inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) production in cell culture.</p>

<p>Tenofovir alafenamide (free base) is a prodrug of tenofovir with action on viral reverse transcriptase to block replication and is used for treating HIV/AIDS and chronic hepatitis B with improved safety profile.</p>

<p>Laidlomycin is an ionophore compound with a mode of action that disrupts ion gradients in bacterial cells. It is used as a feed additive to improve feed efficiency in cattle.</p>

<p>**Sulbactam pivoxyl** is a prodrug, which is a chemically modified form of sulbactam intended to improve its pharmacokinetic properties. Sulbactam itself is a beta-lactamase inhibitor of synthetic origin, specifically designed to combat antibiotic resistance by inhibiting the beta-lactamase enzymes produced by certain bacteria. These enzymes typically break down beta-lactam antibiotics, rendering them ineffective.</p>

<p>Monensin is a polyether ionophore antibiotic, which is derived from the fermentation of the bacterium *Streptomyces cinnamonensis*. It operates by disrupting ion transport across biological membranes, primarily by facilitating the exchange of sodium and potassium ions. This ionophore action alters the osmotic balance in target cells, leading to their destabilization and death, particularly in Gram-positive bacteria and certain protozoa.</p>

<p>1-(6-Amino-3,5-difluoro-2-pyridinyl)-7-[3-[3-[[1-(6-amino-3,5-difluoro-2-pyridinyl)-3-carboxy-8-chloro-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-quinolinyl]amino]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1-azetidinyl]-8-chloro-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, engineered through synthetic chemistry. It is derived from chemical sources involving complex organic synthesis, highlighting its intricate molecular architecture. Its mode of action is distinctive, as it inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes crucial for DNA replication and transcription. This interference with bacterial DNA processes results in bactericidal effects, effectively eliminating susceptible bacterial strains.</p>

<p>Retrocyclin-1 trifluoroacetate salt is a synthetic antimicrobial peptide, which is derived from humanized sequences based on the theta-defensin family, originally found in certain primates. Retrocyclin-1 is particularly notable for its circular structure which contributes to its stability and biological activity. The peptide is produced through a process of solid-phase peptide synthesis, designed to mimic the native cyclic conformation of natural theta-defensins.</p>

<p>N-Acetal bromopride is a chemical compound that serves as a derivative of bromopride, which is a selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. This derivative is synthesized from bromopride, typically through organic chemical processes, and modified to possess an acetal functional group. The presence of this functional group potentially alters its pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties, although these specific changes may still be under research.</p>

<p>Clindamycin 3-phosphate is an antibiotic prodrug, which is a derivative of clindamycin. It is semisynthetic with a synthetic origin, derived by chemically modifying the natural compound lincomycin obtained from the bacterium *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. The mode of action of Clindamycin 3-phosphate involves the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis. It binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby interfering with the translocation step in protein elongation, ultimately leading to the suppression of bacterial growth.</p>

<p>Lactoferricin B (4-14) (bovine) trifluoroacetate salt is a peptide derivative, which is a fragment derived from bovine lactoferrin. It is obtained by enzymatic digestion of lactoferrin, a glycoprotein with a well-established role in the innate immune system. This specific peptide, Lactoferricin B (4-14), is known for its potent antimicrobial properties, attributed to its amphipathic structure that facilitates the disruption of microbial membranes. Additionally, it can modulate immune responses through interactions with immune cells, thereby influencing inflammatory processes.</p>

<p>Gentamicin C1 pentaacetate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research and analytical applications.</p>

<p>Lumefantrine is an antimalarial compound with a mode of action that inhibits heme detoxification in Plasmodium parasites. It is used in combination with artemether for treating malaria.</p>

<p>Sulfadimethoxine sodium is a sulfonamide antibiotic with action on bacterial folate synthesis inhibition and is used for treating respiratory and urinary tract infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Cyclosporin V is an immunosuppressant medication with action on calcineurin inhibition and is used for preventing organ rejection in transplants and treating autoimmune diseases.</p>

<p>Ampicillin-sulbactam is a combination antibiotic, which is a pharmaceutical product derived from the penicillin class of beta-lactam antibiotics. Its source involves semi-synthetic processes, combining ampicillin with sulbactam. The mode of action of this compound is through the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Ampicillin specifically binds to penicillin-binding proteins, thereby disrupting the cross-linking process essential for maintaining cell wall structural integrity, leading to bacterial lysis. Sulbactam functions as a beta-lactamase inhibitor, enhancing the efficacy of ampicillin by preventing its degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes produced by certain resistant bacterial strains.</p>

<p>Adenosine analogue with antiviral activity</p>

<p>Sapecin is an antimicrobial peptide, which is derived from the hemolymph of the silk moth (Bombyx mori) with potent bactericidal action. The source of Sapecin is the immune system of the silk moth, where it acts as a natural defense mechanism against microbial infections. Its mode of action involves disrupting bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis and death. The peptide achieves this by inserting itself into the lipid bilayer, creating pores that compromise the structural integrity of the membrane.</p>

<p>Dicresulene Hydrate is an anti-inflammatory compound, which is derived from synthetic sources. It functions primarily by inhibiting specific enzymes involved in the inflammatory response. This inhibition reduces the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, thereby mitigating inflammation and associated symptoms.</p>

<p>Gentamicin C2 sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating severe bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Aripiprazole monohydrate is an atypical antipsychotic medication, which is synthesized through chemical processes involving aryl piperazine derivatives. It acts primarily as a partial agonist at dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and as an antagonist at 5-HT2A receptors, with additional activity at other neurotransmitter receptors. This unique mechanism of action sets it apart from typical antipsychotics that predominantly function as dopamine antagonists.</p>

<p>Doripenem is a carbapenem antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating complicated bacterial infections like intra-abdominal infections and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a synthetically derived prodrug of ceftobiprole. Upon administration, ceftobiprole medocaril is rapidly converted into its active form, ceftobiprole, by the body's endogenous esterases. The mode of action involves binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in the bacterial cell wall, leading to the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and ultimately the death of the bacteria. This action is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.</p>

<p>Hygromycin A is an antimicrobial compound isolated from the bacterium *Streptomyces hygroscopicus*. It functions by inhibiting protein synthesis within microbial cells. This compound disrupts the elongation phase of translation by binding to the ribosomal subunit, therefore impeding mRNA decoding during protein assembly.</p>

<p>Faropenem sodium hydrate is a hydrated form of faropenem sodium with similar action and applications as faropenem sodium hemipentahydrate.</p>

<p>Daclatasvir is a direct-acting antiviral agent, which is derived from synthetic chemical sources with a specific mode of action targeting the hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication process. It functions as an inhibitor of the HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A), a vital component necessary for viral RNA replication and virion assembly. By binding to two distinct domains of NS5A, Daclatasvir disrupts its ability to function, thereby effectively halting the replication of the viral genome.</p>

<p>Taniborbactam hydrochloride is a β-lactamase inhibitor that is synthetically derived for use in combination with β-lactam antibiotics. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of β-lactamase enzymes, which are produced by certain bacteria to confer resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, including cephalosporins and carbapenems.</p>

<p>Doxorubicin Impurity 2 is a chemical impurity of doxorubicin with no direct therapeutic action but used in research and quality control.</p>

<p>Quinupristin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic, which is derived from the natural compound pristinamycin IIA produced by the bacterium Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. It operates by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit in bacterial cells, inhibiting protein synthesis and thus exerting a bacteriostatic effect. This mechanism effectively disrupts the growth and proliferation of susceptible bacteria.</p>

<p>Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin, which is a secondary metabolite primarily produced by certain species of the fungi Aspergillus and Bipolaris. This compound exhibits its mode of action by interfering with DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, ultimately disrupting cellular processes. As a precursor to the well-known aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin shares a similar structure and exhibits carcinogenic properties.</p>

<p>Bleomycin A5 hydrochloride is an antineoplastic antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. Its mode of action involves binding to DNA and inducing strand breaks through the generation of free radicals, specifically targeting deoxyribose units. This leads to the inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell division, ultimately resulting in cell death.</p>

<p>7-epi-Clindamycin 2-phosphate is a semisynthetic antibiotic derivative, which is sourced from chemical modifications of the natural antibiotic lincomycin. This compound operates by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. It achieves this by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby obstructing the translocation steps in protein elongation.</p>

<p>Ceftibuten is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a beta-lactam class of antimicrobial agents derived from Acremonium, a genus of fungi. This product is synthesized to resist degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes, which are commonly produced by resistant bacteria, thereby maintaining its efficacy against a wide range of bacterial pathogens.</p>

<p>Oleandomycin is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces antibioticus*. This antibiotic functions by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. The interruption of this essential process ultimately leads to the cessation of bacterial growth and replication.</p>

<p>Fengycin is a cyclic lipopeptide from Bacillus subtilis acts as a biosurfactant and antifungal. As a fungicide, it has a mode of action that involves the formation of ion channels in the fungal lipid membrane, leading to membrane leakage This activity is negatively correlated to cholesterol levels, and may explain why mammalian cells, with higher cholesterol present, are not sensitive to fengycin.</p>

<p>N-Acetylamphotericin B is a derivative of the well-known antifungal agent Amphotericin B, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces nodosus*. This compound is an acetylated version of Amphotericin B, designed to improve certain pharmacokinetic properties. It operates by binding to ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes, leading to the formation of pores that disrupt membrane integrity, causing cell death. The acetylation is intended to reduce the compound's cytotoxicity and improve its solubility in aqueous solutions, potentially allowing for enhanced therapeutic applications.</p>

<p>Econazole is an imidazole antifungal agent with action on fungal cell membrane disruption and is used for treating fungal skin infections like athlete's foot and ringworm.</p>

<p>Amoxicillin is an aminopenicillin antibiotic and is used for the treatment of various bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell wall mucopeptides, leading to cell lysis and death</p>

<p>Casein is a phosphoprotein, which is derived from milk. It originates primarily from cow's milk, where it constitutes about 80% of the total protein content. The mode of action for casein involves its ability to form a gel or clot in the stomach, which makes it highly efficient in nutrient delivery, especially the slow release of amino acids. This process is facilitated by its unique structural features, such as the presence of multiple phosphoryl groups that can bind calcium ions.</p>

<p>Puberulic acid is a fungal metabolite that exhibits significant antimicrobial properties. It is derived from certain species of the Penicillium genus, a well-known source of various bioactive compounds. The mode of action of puberulic acid involves the disruption of microbial cell wall synthesis, leading to inhibited growth and eventual cell death of targeted microorganisms.</p>

<p>Linearmycin A is an antibiotic compound, which is a secondary metabolite produced by the bacterium Streptomyces sp. Its mode of action involves disrupting bacterial protein synthesis, leading to the inhibition of bacterial growth. This compound exhibits strong efficacy against various Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria, making it valuable in microbiological research.</p>