Terpenoids

<p>Gentiopicroside is a bitter iridoid glycoside, which is predominantly sourced from plants of the Gentianaceae family, such as Gentiana lutea. It acts as a natural compound with several biological activities emanating from its unique chemical structure. The mode of action of gentiopicroside involves modulating various enzymatic pathways and exhibiting antioxidant properties due to its ability to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.</p>

<p>Albiflorin is a bioactive compound, which is a monoterpene glucoside extracted from the roots of Paeonia species, specifically Paeonia lactiflora. Its primary mechanism of action involves the modulation of neurotransmitter systems, including serotonergic, dopaminergic, and GABAergic pathways. Such interactions are believed to underpin its effects on neural activity and psychological states.</p>

<p>Valencene is a sesquiterpene, which is a naturally occurring terpenoid hydrocarbon. It is primarily sourced from the essential oils of citrus fruits, particularly Valencia oranges. Its mode of action involves its volatile nature, which contributes to its distinctive, sweet, citrusy aroma. Valencene is often synthesized or extracted using advanced biotechnological methods, ensuring high purity and consistency.</p>

<p>Saikosaponin B2 is a naturally occurring triterpenoid saponin, which is a secondary metabolite primarily sourced from the roots of Bupleurum species. These plants are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, valued for their diverse pharmacological activities. The mode of action of Saikosaponin B2 involves modulation of inflammatory pathways, specifically through the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduction of oxidative stress. It also exhibits potential in modulating immune responses and possesses hepatoprotective effects.</p>

<p>Benzoylpaeoniflorin is a glycoside, which is a naturally occurring compound found in certain plants. It is primarily sourced from the roots of *Paeonia lactiflora*, a herbaceous plant commonly used in traditional medicine. The compound exerts its effects through several mechanisms, including the inhibition of inflammatory mediators and modulation of oxidative stress pathways. Benzoylpaeoniflorin acts by targeting specific signaling pathways that regulate inflammation and cellular stress responses, contributing to its therapeutic potential.</p>

<p>Strigolactone GR24 is a synthetic analog of strigolactones, which are a class of plant hormones derived from the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. These compounds play a critical role in plant development and interaction with the environment. Strigolactone GR24 functions by mimicking the action of natural strigolactones, influencing plant architecture and facilitating communication with symbiotic organisms.</p>

<p>Ryanodine receptor effector</p>

<p>Gamma-Himachalene is a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, which is primarily sourced from the essential oils of certain plants, such as cedarwood. As a naturally occurring compound, its biosynthesis within the plant involves the cyclization of isoprenoid units, which gives rise to its unique chemical structure. This process is typically mediated by enzymes that facilitate the formation of various terpene compounds.</p>

<p>Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside, which is a type of compound extracted primarily from the leaves of the Digitalis purpurea plant, also known as the common foxglove. This natural source provides digitoxin with its potent pharmacological properties.</p>

<p>Picrotin is a natural compound, which is derived from the Anamirta cocculus plant, commonly known as the Indian berry or fishberry. It belongs to the class of sesquiterpene lactones, which are known for their complex structures and bioactivity. The mode of action of picrotin primarily involves interactions with the central nervous system, although the exact molecular targets are not fully elucidated. Studies suggest that it may act as a GABA receptor antagonist, which can influence neurotransmitter activity.</p>

<p>Momordin 1c is a triterpenoid saponin, a type of secondary metabolite, extracted primarily from species of the plant genus *Momordica*, such as *Momordica charantia*—commonly known as bitter melon. This compound is characterized by its unique structure, which contributes to its biological activities.</p>

<p>Pseudolaric acid B is a diterpenoid acid, which is isolated from the roots and bark of the Pseudolarix amabilis, a tree native to China. This compound exhibits a complex mode of action, primarily disrupting microtubule dynamics, which interferes with cell division. Pseudolaric acid B targets the polymerization of tubulin, thereby inhibiting mitotic spindle formation and leading to cell cycle arrest. Its bioactivity has been extensively studied for its potential applications in both anti-fungal and anti-cancer therapies. In the context of cancer research, pseudolaric acid B is of particular interest due to its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in tumor cells. As an anti-fungal agent, it has been shown to possess efficacy against various pathogenic fungi, offering potential utility in agricultural contexts as well. The multi-faceted mechanisms of action and broad application possibilities make Pseudolaric acid B a subject of ongoing research in pharmacology and biotechnology.</p>

<p>Ciwujianoside E is a natural compound, which is a saponin derived from the roots of *Eleutherococcus senticosus*, commonly known as Siberian ginseng. This plant is native to regions in Northeast Asia, and it belongs to the Araliaceae family. Ciwujianoside E is one of several bioactive constituents found in the root extracts, which are traditionally used in herbal medicine.</p>

<p>Harpagoside is a bioactive compound, which is an iridoid glycoside derived from the root of the plant Harpagophytum procumbens, commonly known as Devil’s Claw. This compound is predominantly sourced from Southern Africa, where the plant is native to semi-arid regions and has been traditionally used in herbal medicine.</p>

<p>Ginsenoside Rg1 is a bioactive compound, which is primarily derived from the roots of Panax ginseng, a traditional medicinal herb. It belongs to the family of ginsenosides, which are glycosylated triterpenoid saponins known for their diverse pharmacological activities. The mechanism of action of Ginsenoside Rg1 involves modulation of various cellular signaling pathways, including the regulation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and inflammation. It also exhibits neuroprotective effects by promoting neuronal growth and differentiation.</p>

<p>Bayogenin is a steroidal sapogenin, which is a bioactive compound originating from plant sources such as certain species of the Dioscorea genus (wild yams). It is primarily extracted through processes that involve saponin hydrolysis to yield the sapogenin itself. Bayogenin, like other sapogenins, serves as a precursor in the synthesis of steroidal compounds. Its mode of action involves serving as a substrate in organic synthesis, where it facilitates the production of various steroidal drugs and hormones.</p>

<p>Sabinene is a bicyclic monoterpene, which is a volatile organic compound typically derived from the essential oils of various plants, including Norway spruce and some culinary herbs like black pepper, nutmeg, and tea tree. It is characterized by its distinct spicy and woody aroma, contributing to the complex bouquet of these plant essences.</p>

<p>Zederone is a bioactive sesquiterpene, which is a type of terpenoid compound. It is primarily sourced from the rhizomes of several Curcuma species, particularly Curcuma zedoaria. These plants are native to regions of Asia and have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes.</p>

<p>Ginkgolide M is a diterpenoid trilactone, which is a natural compound derived from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree. Ginkgo biloba is an ancient plant species known for its resilient nature and traditional medicinal use. The mode of action of Ginkgolide M involves antagonism of platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptors. By this mechanism, it influences various biological processes such as platelet aggregation and inflammation, which are critical pathways in numerous physiological and pathological states.</p>

<p>Geosmin is an "earth" smelling aromatic compound that is produced by soil bacteria. Together with other substances, geosmin is a key constituent of petrichor, the pleasant scent released into the air following rainfall, after impact of water droplets with soil.</p>