Sesquiterpenes (C₂₅)

Trans-caryophyllene (TC), a component of essential oil found in many flowering plants, has shown its neuroprotective effects in various neurological disorders, TC has effect on kainic acid-induced seizure activity caused by oxidative stress and pro-inflammation, and significantly inhibits KA-induced generation of malondialdehyde, TC exert cerebral anti-inflammatory effects by mitigating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β; suggest that TC has a potential protective effect on chemical induced seizure and brain damage.

Atractylenolide III is the major bioactive component of Atractylodes lancea, it inhibits histamine release, suppresses activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, C-Jun-N-terminal protein kinase, and nuclear factor-κB in stimulated HMC-1 cells, and suppresses the activation of caspase-1 and the expression of receptor interacting protein-2, suggests that atractylenolide III may control immunological reactions by regulating the cellular functions of IL-6 in mast cells.