Catechin

Procyanidin B4 is a type of proanthocyanidin, which is a class of flavonoids. This compound is predominantly derived from various plant sources, notably grape seeds and certain fruits like apples. Its mode of action is primarily through its antioxidant properties, which involve scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress at the cellular level. Procyanidin B4 operates by stabilizing free radicals with its phenolic hydroxyl groups, thereby inhibiting lipid peroxidation and protecting cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids from oxidative damage.

(-)-Catechin is a flavonoid compound, classified as a polyphenolic antioxidant, which is predominantly derived from plant sources such as tea leaves, cocoa, and various fruits. Its molecular structure allows it to scavenge free radicals and chelate metal ions, exhibiting potent antioxidant properties. This reactive nature contributes to its ability to modulate signaling pathways and inhibit enzymatic activities related to oxidative stress and inflammation.

(+)-Gallocatechin gallate is a polyphenolic compound, which is a specific type of catechin predominantly derived from green tea leaves, Camellia sinensis. It belongs to the flavonoid class of phytochemicals, known for their diverse biological activities. The compound exhibits potent antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals and chelating metal ions, thereby reducing oxidative stress. It also modulates various signaling pathways involved in inflammation and cell proliferation.

Procyanidin B3 is a flavonoid compound, which is a type of plant-derived polyphenol, sourced primarily from the seeds and skins of various fruits, especially grapes and apples. It functions primarily through strong antioxidant activity, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. This mode of action is fundamental to its potential therapeutic effects, as oxidative stress is a contributor to numerous chronic diseases.

Procyanidin B1 is a polyphenolic compound, which is a type of naturally occurring organic compound. It is primarily sourced from various plants, including grape seeds, apples, and cocoa. This compound is a proanthocyanidin, specifically a type of flavonoid, and is often found in the skins, seeds, and leaves of these plants.

Epigallocatechin gallate, also known as EGCG, is a flavonoid that provides antioxidant properties to plants. It also inhibits telomerase, and enzyme that elongates chromosomes, and DNA methyltransferase, that transfers a methyl group to cytosine in the DNA chain.