Backbone Sugars and Nucleobases

Intermediate in the synthesis of Decitabine

Purine nucleobase; component of nucleic acids and coenzymes

6-Aminouracil is a hydroxylated form of uracil. It has inhibitory properties against protein synthesis in bacteria, acting as an inhibitor of the enzyme dihydroorotase. 6-Aminouracil has been shown to be effective against PC3 cells and has high resistance to hydrolysis by acid or alkali. The reaction mechanism for the conversion of uracil to 6-aminouracil is unclear; however, it may involve a nucleophilic attack on the hydroxyl group.

Building block in the synthesis of nucleoside antiviral agents

Intermediate in the synthesis of alogliptin

6-Azauracil is a heterocycle with the chemical formula C8H10N2O3. It is approved by the FDA to treat HIV infections and has been shown to have pharmacokinetic properties in humans. 6-Azauracil is structurally similar to uracil, which is found in RNA, but lacks the hydroxyl group on the para position of the heterocyclic ring. The synthesis of this drug was accomplished through acid complex formation with nucleotides and nitrous acid. The compound inhibits replication of retroviruses by competitive inhibition of primer binding. 6-Azauracil has also been shown to be toxic in rats, leading to congestive heart failure and death when administered at high doses. This drug may also act as an anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis or platelet aggregation.

1,3,9-Trimethylxanthine is a naturally occurring purine alkaloid that has been shown to have cytosolic calcium ion-antagonistic properties. It can also act as an antioxidant by donating electrons to free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. This compound is found in coffee beans and other sources of caffeine. It binds to the receptor for adenosine, which causes the antagonistic effects on intracellular calcium concentration. Trimethylxanthine can also be used to treat ventricular arrhythmias and increase locomotor activity in mammals. Trimethylxanthine has been shown to be effective in wastewater treatment as it removes organic pollutants from water by oxidizing them with hydrogen peroxide or chlorine gas.

2’-Amino-2’-deoxy-β-D-arabinouridine is a modified nucleoside based on uridine, in which the 2'-hydroxyl group of the sugar has been replaced with an amino group, and the sugar itself is arabinose (a stereoisomer of ribose). This compound is of possible interest in nucleic acid chemistry and antisense or RNA-interference research.

N4-Acetylcytosine is an inhibitor of serine proteases, glycosidases and nucleosidases. It has been shown to inhibit the replication of a wide range of viruses including HIV, herpes simplex virus type 1, and adenovirus. N4-Acetylcytosine also inhibits the proliferation of cervical cancer cells.

Xanthine is a reactive, oxidized form of purine. It is found in the human body as a product of xanthine oxidase (XO) metabolism of xanthine and hypoxanthine. Xanthine is known to have antioxidant properties and has been shown to inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase in vitro. Xanthine, when combined with other anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin, can be used as an anticancer agent. This drug has been shown to cause oxidative injury in humans and animal models at physiological levels.

2-Dimethylamino-6-hydroxypurine is a biochemical that belongs to the group of purines. It is a methylated form of 2,6-diaminopurine and has been shown to be an antigenic product in wheat germ. 2,6-Diaminopurine is involved in the synthesis of protein and other biomolecules by transferring methyl groups from S-adenosyl methionine to amino acid side chains. This gene product is also involved in enzyme preparations and reactions that are related to the biochemical properties of mammalian cells. The methyltransferase enzyme catalyzes the reaction mechanism for 2,6-dimethylamino-purine. 2,6-Dimethylamino-purine has been shown to have anticancer effects on various types of cancer cells with modifications on their DNA.

8-Azahypoxanthine is a hydroxyl analog of hypoxanthine. It contains a nitrogen atom in place of the oxygen atom on the 2-position. 8-Azahypoxanthine has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of purine biosynthesis in yeast cells and can be used as a replacement for xanthine during the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from uracil. 8-Azahypoxanthine was found to have good detection sensitivity, with an estimated detection limit of 0.2 µM. The optimum pH for this compound is 7.8, which is similar to that of wild type strain and tissue culture media. Mutants resistant to 8-azahypoxanthine were generated by exposure to high concentrations (>100 mM) for long periods (>2 days). Mutant strains showed no detectable enzyme activity against orotic acid or glycosidic bond formation with erythromycin

5-Iodouracil is an irreversible inhibitor of 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor (5-HT2B) that is a group p2 molecule. It has been found to be effective in the treatment of various types of cancer, including colorectal cancer. 5-Iodouracil inhibits cell proliferation by blocking the binding of the growth factor to its receptor on the surface of cells. The drug also inhibits the enzyme activities of human serum albumin and tyrosine phosphatase.

1,3-Diethyl-8-phenylxanthine is a p2y receptor antagonist that inhibits bacterial growth by interfering with the energy metabolism of the cell. It is an analytical reagent that can be used to measure specific DNA sequences and has been shown to have genotoxic effects on cultured human cells. 1,3-Diethyl-8-phenylxanthine has also been shown to inhibit the growth of infectious bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. This compound may be used as a potential biomarker for the identification of antimicrobial peptides that are active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans.

7-Deazaadenine is a pyrimidine compound that inhibits the enzyme kinase, which is involved in DNA synthesis. 7-Deazaadenine has significant cytotoxicity against cells and has been shown to inhibit the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It can be used as an analytical tool for investigating enzymatic reactions by selectively inhibiting specific enzymes. 7-Deazaadenine binds to nitrogen atoms in DNA and inhibits the activity of proteases, which are enzymes that break down proteins. This drug also has pharmacokinetic properties such as oral absorption and distribution, metabolism, and elimination.

1,3-Dipropyl-7-methylxanthine is a xanthine compound that is structurally related to caffeine. It has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on the production of reactive oxygen species and cytosolic calcium levels in primary cells, as well as a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist activity. It has also been shown to antagonize the effects of adenosine receptors, p2 receptors, and p2y receptors. This drug is used for the treatment of basophilic leukemia.

Isocytosine is a prodrug that has been synthesized with the intramolecular hydrogen on the nitrogen atoms, which makes it more chemically stable. Isocytosine is a reactive molecule, and can react with tautomers to form isocytosine derivatives. Isocytosine contains three hydrogen atoms that are transferable through reactions to other molecules. The chemical stability of isocytosine allows for its use in wastewater treatment. It also has metabolic effects, such as the inhibition of colorectal adenocarcinoma and metabolic disorders. Isocytosine can be used as a model system for studying transfer reactions and reaction mechanisms.