Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

<p>Carprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to treat pain and inflammation in dogs. It is also used for the management of postoperative pain, as well as for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other conditions. Carprofen has been shown to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity and prostaglandin synthesis. The inhibition potential of carprofen has been determined by the modification of COX-2 by S-carprofen and its stereoselectivity. This study also showed that carprofen inhibits lipase activity in an ex vivo model of canine blood plasma, which may be related to its effects on endogenous substances such as leukotrienes. Carprofen has been shown to reduce inflammation and pain in animal models through the inhibition of COX-2 activity and prostaglandin synthesis. The time required for this reaction is less than</p>

<p>Anti-viral; HIV protease inhibitor</p>

<p>Anti-viral; HIV integrase inhibitor</p>

<p>Anti-viral; HIV protease inhibitor</p>

<p>(R)-Carprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used to treat pain and inflammation associated with arthritis, as well as other conditions. It is one of the most potent inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis in human serum, but it has only moderate potency in bile and little or no affinity for fatty acids. The inhibition potential of carprofen has been shown to be stereoselective, with the (S)-enantiomer being up to 10 times more potent than the (R)-enantiomer. Carprofen is metabolized by conjugation with glucuronic acid and excreted in urine. Carprofen also has an inhibitory effect on endogenous substances such as diazepam, which may be due to its ability to inhibit CYP3A4.</p>

<p>Pentazocine lactate is an opioid that binds to the kappa-opioid receptor. It has a low potency and is used as an analgesic. Pentazocine lactate has been shown to be effective in the treatment of eosinophilic fasciitis, which is a rare inflammatory disease of the skin and soft tissue. Side effects for this drug include respiratory depression and sedation, constipation, nausea/vomiting, urinary retention, erythema multiforme, pruritus, erythema nodosum, thrombocytopenia, and fever. Pentazocine lactate may also interact with other drugs such as antidepressants or antipsychotics.</p>

<p>Lopinavir is an antiviral drug that inhibits HIV protease, an enzyme involved in the replication of the virus. It is metabolized to form M-3 and M-4, which are active against HIV protease. Lopinavir has been shown to have antiviral activities against HIV-1 and HIV-2. The activity of lopinavir against HIV protease may be due to its ability to bind to the active site of this enzyme and inhibit its catalytic activity.</p>

<p>Desmethyl ketoprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that belongs to the group of amides. It is an acidic agent and is used to relieve pain and inflammation in the body. Desmethyl ketoprofen has been shown to be effective at relieving pain in humans, with a potential dose range of 10 mg to 100 mg. This compound has also been shown to be a potential biomarker for cancer, as it has been found in high concentrations in urine samples from patients with large cell lung cancer. Desmethyl ketoprofen is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, reaching peak plasma levels within 2 hours. The drug undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver by microsomal enzymes, primarily CYP2C9 and CYP3A4. It is eliminated primarily through biliary excretion (as metabolites) and renal excretion (as unchanged drug).</p>

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<p>Anti-viral; HIV protease inhibitor</p>

<p>Ritonavir has an anti-retroviral activity as it inhibits the protease enzymes specific of both HIV-1 and HIV-2. As an added functionality, ritonavir also inactivates significantly the cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4) thus increasing the bioavailability or half-life of other co-administered drugs.</p>

<p>Naloxone hydrochloride dihydrate is a drug that blocks the effects of opioids. It is administered by injection and has a short half-life. Naloxone hydrochloride dihydrate binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system, which prevents binding by other opioids. This results in an increased metabolic rate, which can be used as a marker for effectiveness of treatment. Naloxone hydrochloride dihydrate has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on monoamine neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. The use of this drug should be limited to outpatients because it produces less physical dependence than other opioids. Naloxone hydrochloride dihydrate can also be used as a sample preparation agent for urine samples or as an effective dose for pharmaceutical preparations.END&gt;</p>

<p>Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor</p>

<p>Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor</p>

<p>Applications Phenindione is a proton pump inhibitor and traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for acute interstitial nephritis and acute kidney injury.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Leonard, C.E., et al.: Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug. Safety., 21, 1155 (2012); Moda, T.L., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 22, 2889 (2012); Dhareshwar, S.S., et al.: J. Pharma. Sci., 99, 2711 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications Cyclobutanecarboxylic Acid, can be used as an organic building block in the chemical synthesis. It is also an Antiinflammatory agent.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Grassy, G. et al.: Euro. J. Med. Chem., 14, 493, (1979);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications 1-​[1-​(4-​Chlorobenzoyl)​-​5-​hydroxy-​2-​methyl-​1H-​indole-​3-​acetate]β-​D-​Glucopyranuronic Acid is an analog of Indomethacin Acyl-β-D-glucuronide a metabolite of Indomethacin (I641000). Acyl glucuronides have been implicated in the toxicity of many xenobiotics and marketed drugs.<br>References Abid, A., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 50, 557 (1995), Gamage, N., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 90, 5 (2006), Cerveny, L., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 35, 1032 (2007), Hayeshi, R., et al.: Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 35, 383 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications Intermediate for the synthesis of 4-Hydroxymethyl Loratadine.<br>References Cerrada, V., et al.: ARKIVOC, 9, 200 (2005).<br></p>

<p>Applications A new anti-inflammatory drug. Effect of SAS 650 (Furofenac) on malondialdehyde production by platelets.<br>References Bertoli, D., et al.: Int. J. Tissue Reactions, 2, 217 (1980),<br></p>

<p>Applications AHR 10240 Dimer is a dimer of 7-(4-Bromobenzoyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one (B680190); a cyclic metabolite of Bromfenac (B678550).<br>References Osman, M.A. et al.: J. Chrom. Biomed. Appl., 489, 452 (1989); Isaka, M. et al.: Yakub. Dot., 14, 32 (1999)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Fluticasone EP Impurity D<br>Applications Ticabesone Propionate is an impurity of Fluticasone, an antiallergic, anti-asthmatic and anti-inflammatory agent.<br>References Marrero-Ponce, Y., et al.: Europ. J. Med. Chem., 46, 5736 (2011); Dalvi, P., et al.: J. Chem., 20, 187 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Fluorobenzonitrile-d4 is the labelled version of fluorobenzonitrile, a compound with industrial applications from solar cells to medicinal application as an anti-inflammatory.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Heilman, W.P. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 21, 906 (1978); Woo, S. et al.: J. Nano. Opto., 6, 338 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Applications Forsythoside A is used as an antiinflammatory agent in traditional Chinese medicine.<br>References Li, H. et al.: Phytother. Res., 25, 338 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Applications Sulforaphene is an extract from the seeds of Raphanus sativus and displays anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity.<br>References Kim, K. et al.: J. Ethnopharmacol., 151, 503 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications Intermediate for the synthesis of 2-Hydroxymethyl Loratadine.<br>References Cerrada, V., et al.: ARKIVOC, 9, 200 (2005).<br></p>

<p>Applications Intermediate for the synthesis of 2-Hydroxymethyl Loratadine.<br>References Cerrada, V., et al.: ARKIVOC, 9, 200 (2005).<br></p>

<p>Codeine Impurity F is a biochemical that is an impurity of codeine. Codeine Impurity F is a byproduct of the enzymatic reaction with morphine and the bacterial strain Pseudomonas putida. Codeine Impurity F has been shown to inhibit the growth of gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica, by binding to cellular membranes and inhibiting their function. It also binds to RNA in vitro and prevents translation of mRNA from its ribosome complex. The hydroxyl group on Codeine Impurity F binds to aluminium ions, which may interfere with the absorption of other drugs such as ampicillin or tetracycline. This impurity has been shown to have an effect on biological products such as immunoglobulins and albumin.</p>

<p>Apocodeine hydrochloride is a natural product that is used in the treatment of cancer. It has been shown to have antiproliferative effects on cho-k1 cells, which are human colon carcinoma cells. Apocodeine hydrochloride also inhibits the production of dopamine in rat brain and has been shown to inhibit bromocriptine-induced prolactin release from rat pituitary cells in vitro. Apocodeine hydrochloride has been extensively studied in epidemiological studies and has been found to be effective against cancer, with no adverse side effects.</p>

<p>Alfentanil is an opioid analgesic that is used for the treatment of severe or acute pain. It is a potent synthetic analog of fentanyl, which is an opioid analgesic that is used for the treatment of short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) pain. Alfentanil has been shown to have a high affinity for α1-acid glycoprotein, which has been associated with drug interactions and blood sampling. Alfentanil also has chemical stability in experimental models and does not interact with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This drug may have a matrix effect on the concentration of cortisol in the blood.</p>

<p>Descyclopropyl abacavir is a synthetic prodrug form of the antiviral drug abacavir, which is used to treat HIV infection. It is metabolized by amine oxidases and, as such, has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of these enzymes. Descyclopropyl abacavir has also been shown to have herbicidal properties against control weeds and glyphosate-resistant weeds.</p>

<p>Oxymorphone is a potent synthetic opioid analgesic with a short duration of action. It is a prodrug that has to be metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 enzymes for activation. The 6-hydroxy metabolite is more potent than oxymorphone itself and has been shown to have antinociceptive properties in mice. Oxymorphone is used in cancer patients as an oral dosage form, which may be administered with or without food. It has been shown that the albumin concentration influences the pharmacokinetics of oxymorphone and its metabolites. This drug also has immunomodulatory effects and can cause adverse events such as hypersensitivity reactions, nausea, vomiting, or constipation.</p>

<p>(-)-cis-Pentazocine is a kappa-opioid receptor agonist that has been used for the treatment of pain, cough, and diarrhea. It is also used to treat withdrawal symptoms in those who are addicted to other narcotic drugs. The drug binds to the κ-opioid receptors and activates G protein coupled receptors. When this occurs, it inhibits the release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells in the brain, which reduces pain and causes sedation. Pentazocine can cause side effects such as dizziness, constipation, nausea, vomiting, headache, blurred vision, anxiety and depression. These side effects are more common with high doses or when pentazocine is taken with other drugs that have similar effects.</p>

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<p>6-O-Methyl codeine is a drug that belongs to the class of opioid analgesics. It is used to treat severe pain and coughing in patients with infectious diseases, such as pneumonia or bronchitis. 6-O-Methyl codeine may be administered by mouth, intravenously, or intramuscularly. The mechanism of action of this drug is not fully understood, but it has been shown to decrease respiratory rate in some animal studies. 6-O-Methyl codeine also has an effect on the central nervous system and may cause dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting and constipation. This drug is metabolized through oxidative reactions with oxygenated molecules like fluorine or hydrogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. 6-O-Methyl codeine is a prodrug that can be converted into morphine following cleavage by liver enzymes.</p>

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<p>Profenofos is a water-soluble organophosphate that can be used as a pesticide. It has been shown to have synergic effects with other pesticides, such as malathion and carbaryl. Profenofos has been studied for its toxicological properties in vitro and in vivo. These studies have shown that the lowest dose at which there are adverse effects on biochemical properties is 0.1 mg/kg of body weight. The mode of action of profenofos includes inhibition of esterases, glutathione reductase, and cytochrome P450 enzymes. This enzyme inhibition leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, which causes muscle paralysis and death from respiratory failure. Profenofos also affects cardiac function by blocking potassium channels, leading to heart rate changes and arrhythmias. Profenofos can be identified using chromatographic analysis or electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS is</p>

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<p>Vedaprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that belongs to the class of drugs known as NSAIDs. It inhibits the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which causes inflammation and pain. Vedaprofen has been shown to be effective in treating bowel disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmune diseases, such as arthritis. Vedaprofen also has antimicrobial properties, inhibiting bacterial growth by binding to the COX enzyme in the cell membrane. The α subunit is one of the effector proteins for COX-1 and COX-2, and vedaprofen binds to this protein preventing its activation. This inhibitory effect on COX-1 and COX-2 leads to a reduction in production of prostaglandins (PGs) that are responsible for inflammatory responses. Vedaprofen may be administered orally or intravenously depending on the severity of symptoms. The oral route is preferred because it does not require</p>

<p>Isomethadone hydrochloride is the drug substance in a solid oral dosage form. It is an active substance that can be used to treat inflammatory diseases and target tissue. Isomethadone hydrochloride is a type of natural polymer with a metal ion as its active ingredient. The absorption mechanism for this drug is not known, but it appears to work by causing dysfunction in the membranes of cells. Isomethadone hydrochloride has been shown to cause addiction in animals and humans, and may have potential toxic effects on liver function. Symptoms of Isomethadone hydrochloride overdose include: <br>-Nausea and vomiting<br>-Constipation<br>-Loss of appetite<br>-Headache<br>-Drowsiness <br>-Confusion <br>-Muscle spasms <br>-Tremors and seizures</p>

<p>Nelfinavir is an antiviral agent that is used to treat HIV/AIDS. It is a protease inhibitor that inhibits the action of the virus in cells by binding to specific enzymes, thus preventing the destruction of human cells by the virus. Nelfinavir also prevents cancer cell growth and has shown anticancer activity in animal models and humans. This drug binds to fatty acids, making it more difficult for the body to eliminate this substance. The half-life of nelfinavir is prolonged in patients with hepatic failure or renal failure. Nelfinavir can be used as a chemotherapeutic agent in infants because it does not cross the blood-brain barrier.</p>

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<p>Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) used in the treatment of HIV. It has been shown to be reactive with sodium carbonate, forming a stable complex that can be measured by LC-MS/MS. The formation rate of this complex may be influenced by the presence of other drugs, such as rifampin, which inhibits cytochrome P450 activity and reduces efavirenz metabolism. This drug has been shown to inhibit human Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and may have increased plasma concentrations when administered with CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ketoconazole or erythromycin. Efavirenz is also metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 enzymes, mainly CYP3A4. Pharmacokinetic modeling has been used to study the drug's effects on hepatic clearance and plasma concentrations in humans.</p>

<p>Pentazocine is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used to relieve pain. It has been shown to bind to the kappa-opioid receptor, which may be responsible for pentazocine's analgesic effects. Pentazocine also has a low potency and side-effect profile, as well as some physiological effects such as respiratory depression. Pentazocine is not active in the central nervous system and can be administered by nasal route. The drug has been shown to have an additive effect when combined with isoxsuprine hydrochloride in patients with eosinophilic fasciitis. Pentazocine is also used as a pharmacological treatment for myocardial infarcts and other cardiovascular disorders.</p>

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