Polysaccharides

<p>Cellulose derivative, food thickener and emulsifier, bulk forming laxative</p>

<p>The sugar component consists of alternating residues of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid. A peptide chain of three to five amino acids is attached to the N-acetylmuramic acid. The peptide chain can be cross-linked to the peptide chain of another strand forming the 3D mesh-like layer.</p>

<p>The disaccharide repeating unit of chondroitin sulphate consists of N-acetyl galactosamine sulphate linked β1,4 to glucuronic acid. Each monosaccharide may be left unsulphated, sulphated once, or sulphated twice. The most common pattern is that the hydroxyl groups of the 4 and 6 positions of the N-acetyl-galactosamine are sulphated, with some chains having the position 2 of the glucuronic acid sulphated.</p>

<p>N-Acetyl-de-O-sulphated heparin is a glycosaminoglycan, which occurs in many mammalian tissues and has important anticoagulant and thrombolytic properties. The chemical structure is composed mainly of two disaccharide repeating units A and B. A is L-iduronic acid 2-suplhate linked α-(1,4) to 2-deoxy-2-sulfamido-D-galactose 6-sulphate, while B is D-glucuronic acid β-(1,4) linked to 2-deoxy-2-sulfamido-D-glucose 6-sulphate.</p>

<p>The sodium salt of hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan found in many organs, where it functions as a joint lubricant and shock absorber. It is obtained principally from synovial fluid, vitreous humor of the eye, umbilical tissue and cocks comb. The chemical structure of hyaluronic is a disaccharide repeat of β-(1,3) glucuronic acid and β-(1,4) N-acetyl glucosamine.</p>

<p>Ulvans are structural polysaccharides present in the cell walls of green algae such as Ulva armoricana, Ulva rotondata, Ulva rigida, Ulva lacterca and Ulva pertusa.  They are highly sulphated and contain rhamnose 3-sulphate, xylose, xylose 2-sulphate, glucuronic acid and iduronic acid residues.  Ulvan has several potentially valuable functionalities such as gel formation for agricultural and food applications and possible anticoagulant, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic and antitumor activities for pharmaceutical applications.<br>The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.</p>

<p>Gycosaminoglycan in many organs; joint lubricant and shock absorber</p>

<p>Chitosan from fungal cell walls.  It is made by treating cell walls of fungi (agaricus bisporus) with sodium hydroxide.Viscosity typically 20-100 mPa.sMushroom OriginMolecular Weight: 13000Da</p>

<p>Gycosaminoglycan in many organs; joint lubricant and shock absorber</p>

<p>Chondroitin sulphate is the most abundant glycosaminoglycan in mammalian tissues and occurs both in skeletal and soft connective tissue. The disaccharide repeat unit consists of N-acetyl galactosamine sulphate linked β1,4 to glucuronic acid.</p>

<p>Levan is a (2,6)-linked fructan produced by Erwinia herbicola. The polysaccharide contains branches every 10-12 fructose residues linked (1,2) and is reported to have a molecular weight in excess of 1000 KDa.  Potential industrial applications of levan have been proposed as an emulsifier, formulation aid, stabilizer and thickener, surface-finishing agent, encapsulating agent, and carrier for flavor and fragrances. In addition, levan is promising in medicine as a plasma substitute, drug activity prolongator and antihyperlipidemic agent.</p>

<p>Chitin is a polysaccharide which is found widely in nature, where it functions in a manner similar to collagen in chordates. It forms the tough fibrous exoskeletons of insects, crustaceans and other arthropods, and, in addition to its presence in some fungi, it occurs in at least one alga. The structure of chitin is similar to that of cellulose but with glucose replaced with N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl units linked β-D-(1,4) in a linear chain. It is normally produced from the shells of lobster, crab or shrimp.</p>

<p>The sodium salt of hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan found in many organs, where it functions as a joint lubricant and shock absorber. It is obtained principally from synovial fluid, vitreous humor of the eye, umbilical tissue and cocks comb. The chemical structure of hyaluronic is a disaccharide repeat of β-(1,3) glucuronic acid and β-(1,4) N-acetyl glucosamine.</p>

<p>Psyllium seed gum comes from plants of the Plantago genus and is cultivated mainly in the Mediterranian and in India. Psyllium has been used for many years medical applications and more recently there has been a resurgency of interest because it has been seen as a soluble dietary fibre. The proposed structure is of a backbone of D-xylopyranosyl units linked (1,4) and (1,3) with the 4-linked units bearing side chains. The side chains consist of α-L-arabinofuranosyl units linked (1,3) and (1,2) and β-D-xylopyranosyl units linked (1,3) and (1,2) and the α-D-GalAρ-(1,2)-α-L-Rhaρ aldobiuronic acid units linked (1,2) to the main chain.</p>

<p>Dextran sulphate is a dextran derivative whose ulcer (colitis) -causing properties were first reported in hamsters and extrapolated a few years later to mice and rats. The exact mechanisms through which dextran sulphate induces intestinal inflammation are unclear but may be the result of direct damage of the monolayer of epithelial cells in the colon, leading to the crossing of intestinal contents (for e.g. commensal bacteria and their products) into underlying tissue and therefore induction of inflammation.  The dextran sulphate sodium induced ulceration model in laboratory animals has some advantages, when compared to other animal models of colitis, due to its simplicity and similarities to human inflammatory bowel disease.</p>

<p>Gycosaminoglycan in many organs; joint lubricant and shock absorber</p>

<p>Carboxymethyl chitosan has good solubility in water and unique chemical, physical and biological properties such as high viscosity, large hydrodynamic volume, low toxicity, biocompatibility and good ability to form films, fibres and hydrogels. For this reason, it has been extensively used in many biomedical fields such as a moisture-retention agent, bactericide, wound dressing agent, in artificial bone and skin, as blood anticoagulant and as a component in different drug delivery matrices. The reactive ligands COOH and NH2 groups are available for metal chelation and dye binding.</p>

<p>N-Acetyl heparin is a glycosaminoglycan, which occurs in many mammalian tissues and has important anticoagulant and thrombolytic properties. The chemical structure is composed mainly of two disaccharide repeating units A and B. A is L-iduronic acid 2-suplhate linked α-(1,4) to 2-deoxy-2-sulfamido-D-galactose 6-sulphate, while B is D-glucuronic acid β-(1,4) linked to 2-deoxy-2-sulfamido-D-glucose 6-sulphate.</p>

<p>Gycosaminoglycan in many organs; joint lubricant and shock absorber</p>

<p>Gycosaminoglycan in many organs; joint lubricant and shock absorber</p>

<p>Polyguluronic acid is produced from alginates by partial hydrolysis and chromatography of brown algae such as Laminaria digitata, Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus spp.<br>The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.MW is ca 6000 - 8000Da.poly-M levels are ca 3%</p>

<p>In addition to the β-glucans from cereals, another group of β-glucans are found in the cell walls of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), bacteria and fungi, with significantly differing physicochemical properties dependent on source. Typically these β-glucans form a linear backbone with 1,3 β-glycosidic bonds but vary with respect to molecular mass, solubility, viscosity, branching structure, and gelation properties, causing diverse physiological effects in animals.  They are structural components in the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to provide stability, they have a few b-1,6 branch points that lock into other cell wall components (1 in 5 glucose residues). So in any extraction you get a few 1,6 linked glucose residues ~5%.<br>The yeast and fungal β-glucans have been investigated for their ability to modulate the immune system. They are also used in various nutraceutical and cosmetic products, as texturing agents, and as fibre supplements. Their detailed molecular structures are key to the physical properties that they exhibit, such as water solubility, viscosity, gelation properties and physiological functions.<br>The image was kindly provided by Dr. Chris Lawson.</p>

<p>Laminaran is a polysaccharide that co-occurs with fucoidan and alginate in brown seaweeds such as Laminaria digitata, Laminaria cloustoni, Eisenia bicyclis and Thallus laminariae. It is a β-1,3-linked glucan which it is claimed stimulates the immune system in mammals and fish.<br>The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.</p>

<p>Gycosaminoglycan in many organs; joint lubricant and shock absorber</p>

<p>The sodium salt of hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan found in many organs, where it functions as a joint lubricant and shock absorber. It is obtained principally from synovial fluid, vitreous humor of the eye, umbilical tissue and cocks comb. The chemical structure of hyaluronic is a disaccharide repeat of β-(1,3) glucuronic acid and β-(1,4) N-acetyl glucosamine.</p>

<p>Gycosaminoglycan in many organs; joint lubricant and shock absorber.  Made by a bacterial, Streptococcus fermentation.</p>

<p>A fucan sulphate found in brown marine algae (Phaeophyta-typically Fucus vesiculotus, Ascophyllum nodosum (illustrated), Alaria and Cladosiphon) and has been shown to have anticoagulant activity. The main constituents are α-1,4 and α-1,2 linked L-fucose sulphates although galactose also occurs and there are many variations of the basic structure found in different species of Phaeophyta.Molecular weight cut off at 300kDa.The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.</p>

<p>Gycosaminoglycan in many organs; joint lubricant and shock absorber</p>

<p>Dextran sulphate is a dextran derivative whose ulcer (colitis) -causing properties were first reported in hamsters and extrapolated a few years later to mice and rats. The exact mechanisms through which dextran sulphate induces intestinal inflammation are unclear but may be the result of direct damage of the monolayer of epithelial cells in the colon, leading to the crossing of intestinal contents (for e.g. commensal bacteria and their products) into underlying tissue and therefore induction of inflammation.  The dextran sulphate sodium induced ulceration model in laboratory animals has some advantages, when compared to other animal models of colitis, due to its simplicity and similarities to human inflammatory bowel disease.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about Fucoidan - Ascophyllum nodosum including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Arabinoxylans consist of α-L-arabinofuranose residues attached as branch-points to β-(1,4)-linked D-xylopyranose main chains. These may be 2- or 3-substituted or 2- and 3- di-substituted. The arabinose residues may also be linked to other groups attached such as glucuronic acid residues, ferulic acid cross links and acetyl groups. Arabinoxylans generally consist of between 1500 - 5000 residues.</p>

<p>Guar gum is obtained from the seed of the legume Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, an annual plant that grows mainly in semi-arid regions of India. The structure of the polysaccharide consists of a main chain of (1,4)-linked β-D-mannopyranosyl units with single α-D-galactopyranosyl units linked (1,6) on average to every second main chain unit. Guar has a high viscosity in aqueous solution, shows marked pseudoplastic behaviour and forms synergistic gels in the presence of other gums such as carrageenan and xanthan gum.</p>

<p>Sodium salt of a polysaccharide obtained from the brown seaweeds (e.g. Laminaria hyperborea, Fucus vesiculosus, Ascophyllum nodosum). The chemical structure consists of blocks of (1,4) linked-β-D-polymannuronic acid (poly M), (1,4) linked-α-L-polyguluronic acid (poly G) and alternating blocks of the two uronic acids (poly MG). Alginates form strong gels with divalent metal cations and the egg box model has been used to describe this form of gelation. The main use for alginate is in textile printing as a thickener in the printing of cottons with reactive dyes. In the food industry it is used as a thickener and gelling agent.  Recently, it has been shown that ternary mixtures of Konjac glucomannan, Xanthan gum and Sodium alginate can form a non-covalently linked complex which exhibits enhanced rheological properties of value in, for example, functional foods.<br>The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.</p>

<p>Cellulose with a particle size of 20μm is an industrial biomass material that has various applications. It is commonly used in the production of paper, textiles, and biofuels. Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that provides structural support to plant cell walls. It can also be used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations, such as in the production of tablets.</p>

<p>Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide of β 1-4 linked glucose residues. The polysaccharide chains are bundled as microfibrils in cell walls and provide the essential structural components within growing plants. Each microfibril exhibits a high degree of three-dimensional internal bonding resulting in a crystalline structure that is insoluble in water, resistant to reagents and very strong.</p>

<p>Starch is an energy storing polysaccharide produced by higher plants and some algae. Pure starch is a white, tasteless and odorless powder that is insoluble in cold water or alcohol. It consists of two types of polysaccharide: the linear and helical amylose (α-1,4-linked glucose) and the branched amylopectin (α-1,4 and α-1,6-linked glucose). Depending on the plant, starch generally contains 20 to 25% amylose and 75 to 80% amylopectin by weight.</p>

<p>In water, hydroxypropyl cellulose forms liquid crystals with many mesophases depending on concentration. These mesophases include isotropic, anisotropic, nematic and cholesteric, the latter resulting in many colors such as violet, green and red. Pharmaceutical applications include treatments for medical conditions such as dry eye syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), recurrent corneal erosions, decreased corneal sensitivity, exposure and neuroparalytic keratitis. It is also used as a binder in tablets. Hydroxypropylcellulose is also used as a thickener, a binder and emulsion stabiliser in foods with E number E463.  HPC is used as a support matrix for DNA separations by capillary and microchip electrophoresis.</p>

<p>Pectins are regarded as linear chains of α-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid, a homogalacturonan (pectic acid). In the products of commerce, the degree of methylation has a vital influence on the properties of pectin, especially the solubility and gel forming characteristics.</p>

<p>Sugar beet arabinan consists of a 1,5 α-linked arabinose backbone to which 1,3 α-linked (and possibly some 1,2 α-linked) L-arabinofuranosyl residues are attached. Approximately 60% of the main-chain arabinofuranosyl residues are substituted by single 1,3-linked arabinofuranosyl groups. The reducing terminal arabinosyl residue is attached through rhamnose to fragments of the rhamnogalacturonan backbone of the native pectin molecule.</p>

<p>Dextran sulphate is a dextran derivative whose ulcer (colitis) -causing properties were first reported in hamsters and extrapolated a few years later to mice and rats. The exact mechanisms through which dextran sulphate induces intestinal inflammation are unclear but may be the result of direct damage of the monolayer of epithelial cells in the colon, leading to the crossing of intestinal contents (for e.g. commensal bacteria and their products) into underlying tissue and therefore induction of inflammation.  The dextran sulphate sodium induced ulceration model in laboratory animals has some advantages, when compared to other animal models of colitis, due to its simplicity and similarities to human inflammatory bowel disease.</p>

<p>Chondroitin sulfate A sodium salt is a glycosaminoglycan that is derived from chondroitin. It is a complex carbohydrate with a high molecular weight and an average MW of 10,000 to 50,000 Da. The synthesis of the monosaccharide units in chondroitin sulfate A sodium salt occurs by Methylation, Click modification, Polysaccharide, or Fluorination. Chondroitin sulfate A sodium salt can be custom synthesized according to customer specifications and can be ordered as a CAS No. 39455-18-0 with high purity.</p>

<p>Amylopectin is composed of between 2,000 to 200,000 glucose residues linked α (1→4) with α (1→6) branching. The molecule is highly branched, every 24 to 30 glucose units, resulting in a soluble molecule with many terminal residues. Starch is made of about 70% amylopectin by weight, though it varies depending on the source (higher in medium-grain rice to 100% in glutinous rice, waxy potato starch, waxy corn, and lower in long-grain rice, amylomaize, and russet potatoes).</p>

<p>Fucogalactan (GFS) is a polysaccharide isolated and purified from the brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida. The polysaccharide is a sulphated galactose containing fucan. Fucogalactan is currently under investigation for possible therapeutic indications including anti-inflammatory properties, immuno- modulating activities, inhibition of tumor growth, stem cell replentishment, antiviral activity, dementia and ulcer healing.Fucoidan ≥ 75 %<br>The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.</p>

<p>An alginate-like polysaccharide produced by the fermentation of Azotobacter vinelandii or Pseudomonas mendocina. The chemical structure consists of blocks of (1,4) linked-β-D-polymannuronic acid (poly M), (1,4) linked-α-L-polyguluronic acid (poly G) and alternating blocks of the two uronic acids (poly MG). Unlike the alginate from seaweed, this polysaccharide is partially acetylated.</p>

<p>Starch is an energy storing polysaccharide produced by higher plants and some algae. Pure starch is a white, tasteless and odorless powder that is insoluble in cold water or alcohol. It consists of two types of polysaccharide: the linear and helical amylose (α-1,4-linked glucose) and the branched amylopectin (α-1,4 and α-1,6-linked glucose). Depending on the plant, starch generally contains 20 to 25% amylose and 75 to 80% amylopectin by weight.</p>

<p>Ethyl cellulose is similar in structure to methyl cellulose with ethyl replacing the methyl groups. It is approved for use in regulated markets such as food and pharmaceuticals. In pharmaceuticals it can mask the taste of bitter actives, enhance the strength and appearance of tablets and capsules, and enable controlled release formulations. In food products it functions as a binder, film former and flavour fixative.</p>

<p>Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi. It is the main storage form of glucose in the body.  In humans, glycogen is made and stored primarily in liver and muscle cells and functions as the second most important energy storage molecule to fat which is held in adipose tissue. Glycogen is analogous to starch and has a structure similar to amylopectin, but is more extensively branched and compact than starch. It occurs as granules in the cytosol/cytoplasm in many cell types, and plays an important role in the glucose cycle.</p>

<p>In water, hydroxypropyl cellulose forms liquid crystals with many mesophases depending on concentration. These mesophases include isotropic, anisotropic, nematic and cholesteric, the latter resulting in many colors such as violet, green and red. Pharmaceutical applications include treatments for medical conditions such as dry eye syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), recurrent corneal erosions, decreased corneal sensitivity, exposure and neuroparalytic keratitis. It is also used as a binder in tablets. Hydroxypropylcellulose is also used as a thickener, a binder and emulsion stabiliser in foods with E number E463.  HPC is used as a support matrix for DNA separations by capillary and microchip electrophoresis.</p>

<p>Anterograde and retrograde tracer in neurons; biologically inert</p>

<p>Applications 2-Amino-2-deoxygalacturonic acid was a component of the lipopolysaccharide from P. aeruginosa NCTC 8505 and probably occurs in the region of polysaccharide responsible for O-antigenic specificity.<br>References Wilkinson, S.G., et al.: Biochem. J., 149, 783 (1975),<br></p>

<p>Applications Isomaltopentaose, is an isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO) compound, used as functional food ingredients.<br>References Hu, Y., et al.: Lett. App. Microbio., 57, 108 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Fluorescein dextran (FD) is widely used as both an anterograde and retrograde tracer in neurons and for numerous other applications. It is biologically rather inert having α-1,6-linked glucose residues resistant to cleavage by most endogenous cellular glycosidases. It has low immunogenicity and makes an ideal long-term tracer for live cells. FD also serves as a valuable marker for cell loading of macromolecules by micro-injection, vesicular fusion, and electroporation, as well as for the uptake and internal processing of exogenous materials by phagocytotic and endocytic pathways.</p>

<p>Pectins are regarded as linear chains of α-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid, a homogalacturonan (pectic acid). In the products of commerce, the degree of methylation has a vital influence on the properties of pectin, especially the solubility and gel forming characteristics. Commercial high methoxy (HM) pectin has &gt; 70% of hydroxyl groups methyl esterified. HM pectin forms gels in the presence of sucrose and for this reason it is used in jams often in combination with other fruits.</p>

<p>DEAE-Dextran hydrochloride (DEAE-D) is a positively-charged dextran derivative that can be used for vaccine production, gene therapy, protein stabilisation, dyslipidemia prevention, as flocculating agent, and many other applications. DEAE-D is also used for transfecting animal cells with foreign DNA.  DEAE-Sepharose, DEAE-650 and DEAE-Sephadex are commonly used in chromatography for the separation of biological molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates.</p>

<p>Fluorescein isothiocyanate carboxymethyl dextran (FITC-CM Dextran) has been reported to provide a valuable carrier for nanoparticles of iron oxide.  These products provide a potent tool for contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging.</p>

<p>LH 21 is a low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose. It is produced by the fluorination of cellulose, followed by substitution with a variety of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides to produce a complex carbohydrate. LH 21 is synthesized for custom needs, glycosylated, methylated, and modified at the sugar level with click chemistry. It has a CAS No. 9004-64-2 and is Carbohydrate in nature. LH 21 has high purity and can be used in many applications including as an excipient or additive in pharmaceutical formulations.</p>

<p>Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide of β 1-4 linked glucose residues. The polysaccharide chains are bundled as microfibrils in cell walls and provide the essential structural components within growing plants. Each microfibril exhibits a high degree of three-dimensional internal bonding resulting in a crystalline structure that is insoluble in water, resistant to reagents and very strong.</p>

<p>Ulvans are structural polysaccharides present in the cell walls of green algae such as Ulva armoricana, Ulva rotondata, Ulva rigida, Ulva lacterca and Ulva pertusa. They are highly sulphated and contain rhamnose 3-sulphate, xylose, xylose 2-sulphate, glucuronic acid and iduronic acid residues. Ulvan has several potentially valuable functionalities such as gel formation for agricultural and food applications and possible anticoagulant, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic and antitumoral activities for pharmaceutical applications.<br>The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.</p>

<p>Dyed and soluble azo-xyloglucan (tamarind) is used for the measurement of enzyme activity, research, biochemical enzyme assays and in vitro diagnostic analysis.  It is a soluble chromogenic substrate for the assaying of endo-cellulase.</p>

<p>Chondroitin sulfate A sodium from bovine trachea is a natural substance that has been found to have potential anticancer properties. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in Chinese hamster ovary cells and human urine tumor cell lines. Chondroitin sulfate A sodium from bovine trachea works by inhibiting kinases, which are proteins that play a key role in cell growth and division. This inhibition leads to apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in cancer cells. Additionally, chondroitin sulfate A sodium from bovine trachea has been found to enhance the anticancer activity of artesunate analogs, making it a promising candidate for combination therapy in cancer treatment.</p>

<p>Viscoelastic polymer; excipient; food additive</p>

<p>Teichuronic acid is isolated from the cell walls of Micrococcus luteus. The structure has been elucidated as [ManNAcUAp-(β-1,6)-Glcp-(α -1,4)]n.</p>

<p>Viscoelastic polymer; excipient; food additive</p>

<p>Anterograde and retrograde tracer in neurons; biologically inert</p>

<p>Fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran is a fluorescent derivative of a dextran fraction with an average molecular weight of approximately 4000. It is supplied as a yellow powder which is readily soluble in water.</p>

<p>Pectin is a highly complex polysaccharide matrix that is found in the primary walls of dicotyledenous and monocotyledenous plants and gymnosperms, including potato. A key fragment of this complex is rhamnogalacturonan I, containing a backbone of the repeating disaccharide  [-4)-α-D-GalpA-(1,2)-α-L-Rhap-(1,]. Several applications for RG1 have been described including drug targeting to the colon via the oral administration route for local treatment of e.g. inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer.  This has several advantages such as needle-free administration and low infection risk. In the gastro-intestinal tract RG-I is only degraded by the action of the colonic microflora. High purity rhamnogalacturonan I is also used in research, biochemical enzyme assays and in vitro diagnostic analysis.</p>

<p>Methyl cellulose is a synthetic polymer of cellulose. It is prepared by treating the natural polymer with a methylating agent, such as dimethyl sulfate. Methylation is carried out in the presence of an acid catalyst to produce mainly methyl ethers and methyl esters. The degree of substitution may be controlled by the amount of catalyst. Methyl cellulose is used as a thickener, emulsifier, or stabilizer in many food products, including ice cream and toothpaste.</p>

<p>Complex glucan (a 1-6) from Leuconostoc spp.; extender in blood transfusions.</p>

<p>Low calcium heparin is a glycosaminoglycan, which occurs in many mammalian tissues and has important anticoagulant and thrombolytic properties. The chemical structure is composed mainly of two disaccharide repeating units A and B. A is L-iduronic acid 2-suplhate linked α-(1,4) to 2-deoxy-2-sulfamido-D-galactose 6-sulphate, while B is D-glucuronic acid β-(1,4) linked to 2-deoxy-2-sulfamido-D-glucose 6-sulphate.</p>

<p>Fluorescein isothiocyanate carboxymethyl dextran (FITC-CM Dextran) has been reported to provide a valuable carrier for nanoparticles of iron oxide.  These products provide a potent tool for contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging.</p>

<p>Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) finds use in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, such as the enteric coating of tablets or capsules and for controlled release formulations, where it is often used with other coating agents such as ethyl cellulose.  It contains about 50% acetate and 25% as the phthalate ester with the rest as free hydroxyl groups.  Enteric coatings based on CAP are resistant to acidic gastric fluids, but easily soluble in mildly basic medium of the intestine. The pH-sensitive solubility of CAP is mainly determined (as are other properties of this mixed ester) by the degree of substitution and by the molar ratio (acetyl and phthaloyl groups).</p>

<p>In water, hydroxypropyl cellulose forms liquid crystals with many mesophases depending on concentration. These mesophases include isotropic, anisotropic, nematic and cholesteric, the latter resulting in many colors such as violet, green and red. Pharmaceutical applications include treatments for medical conditions such as dry eye syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), recurrent corneal erosions, decreased corneal sensitivity, exposure and neuroparalytic keratitis. It is also used as a binder in tablets. Hydroxypropylcellulose is also used as a thickener, a binder and emulsion stabiliser in foods with E number E463.  HPC is used as a support matrix for DNA separations by capillary and microchip electrophoresis.</p>

<p>A linear β-(1,4)-galactan from Acacia gum. Other linear β-(1,4)-galactans have been isolated from lemon peel, potato tubers and Norwegian spruce compresssion wood.</p>

<p>Water thickener; rheological control additive; has industrial appplications</p>

<p>Xyloglucans are members of a group of polysaccharides typically refered to as hemicelluloses. Hemicelluloses are plant cell wall polysaccharides that are not solubilized by water but are solubilized by aqueous alkali (e.g. 1 and 4M KOH). Other hemicellulosic polysaccharides include xylan, glucuronoxylan, arabinoxylan, mannan, glucomannan and galactoglucomannan. Hemicelluloses have a backbone of 1,4-linked β-D-pyranosyl residues in which O4 is in the equatorial orientation (e.g. Glc, Man, and Xyl). Xyloglucan is the predominant hemicellulose in the primary walls of dicots and non-graminaceous monocots and may account for up to 20% of the dry weight of the primary wall. Xyloglucan has a backbone composed of 1,4-linked β-D-Glcp residues. Up to 75% of these residues are substituted at O6 with mono-, di-, or triglycosyl side chains.</p>

<p>Fluorescein isothiocyanate carboxymethyl dextran (FITC-CM Dextran) has been reported to provide a valuable carrier for nanoparticles of iron oxide.  These products provide a potent tool for contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging.</p>

<p>The extracellular polysaccharide produced by Arthrobacter stabilis NRRL B-3225 contains D-glucose, D-galactose, pyruvic acid, O-succinyl, and O-acetyl in the approximate molar ratio of 6:3:1:1:1.5. Succinyl is linked as its half-ester, making it readily removable. The viscosity of aqueous, salt-free solutions of both native and deacylated polymer is relatively low, but atypical of anionic polysaccharides, increases rapidly in the presence of salts, acids, or alkali.</p>

<p>Fluorescein isothiocyanate carboxymethyl dextran (FITC-CM Dextran) has been reported to provide a valuable carrier for nanoparticles of iron oxide.  These products provide a potent tool for contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging.</p>

<p>Ulvans are structural polysaccharides present in the cell walls of green algae such as Ulva armoricana, Ulva rotondata, Ulva rigida, Ulva lacterca and Ulva pertusa. They are highly sulphated and contain rhamnose 3-sulphate, xylose, xylose 2-sulphate, glucuronic acid and iduronic acid residues.  Ulvan has several potentially valuable functionalities such as gel formation for agricultural and food applications. It has also an anticoagulant, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic and antitumor activities that are attractive for pharmaceutical applications.<br>The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.</p>

<p>In water, hydroxypropyl cellulose forms liquid crystals with many mesophases depending on concentration. These mesophases include isotropic, anisotropic, nematic and cholesteric, the latter resulting in many colors such as violet, green and red. Pharmaceutical applications include treatments for medical conditions such as dry eye syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), recurrent corneal erosions, decreased corneal sensitivity, exposure and neuroparalytic keratitis. It is also used as a binder in tablets. Hydroxypropylcellulose is also used as a thickener, a binder and emulsion stabiliser in foods with E number E463.  HPC is used as a support matrix for DNA separations by capillary and microchip electrophoresis.</p>

<p>A fucan sulphate found in brown marine algae (Phaeophyta-typically Fucus vesiculotus, Ascophyllum nodosum, Alaria and Lessonia nigrescens (illustrated) and has been shown to have anticoagulant activity. The main constituents are α-1,4 and α-1,2 linked L-fucose sulphates although galactose also occurs and there are many variations of the basic structure found in different species of Phaeophyta.<br>The fucose content is approx. 26.2% and it also contains galactose (approx. 13.0%), uronic acid (approx. 13.0%) and sulfate (approx. 29.1%).<br>The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about (Hydroxypropyl)methyl cellulose, viscosity 5 cP 80%-120%, 2% aqueous solution including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Welan gum is a microbial polysaccharide produced by a species of Alcaligenes and shows interesting rheological properties of use in the oil and agricultural industries. The structure is similar to gellan based on repeating glucose, rhamnose and glucuronic acid units but with a single side chain of either an α-L-rhamnopyranosyl or an α-L-mannopyranosyl unit linked (1,3) to the 4-O-substituted β-D-glucopyranosyl unit in the backbone.</p>

<p>Quaternization of the primary amine in N-Trimethylchitosan increases the water solubility of chitosan and keeps chitosan soluble over a wide pH range. N-Trimethylchitosan is soluble in water and ethanol, making it ideal for use in biotechnology applications.The degree of quaternization is 30-70%</p>

<p>Tamarind gum comes from the seed of the tamarind tree Tamarindus indica and is used in the food industry as a stabiliser and an emulsifier. It has been suggested that the structure is a main chain of cellulose with frequent branching at the O-6 positions with short side chains of one or two D-xylopyranosyl capped with D-xylopyranosyl, D-galactopyranosyl or L-arabinofuranosyl units. In application, tamarind finds use in the sizing of jute and as a stabilizer and thickener in the food industry.</p>

<p>Kappa-Carrageenan is a gelling sulphated galactan extracted from red seaweed (typically Mastocarpus stellata and Chondrus crispus). The structure of all carrageenans consists of a strictly alternating masked repeating unit of 1,3-linked α-D-galactose and 1,4-linked β-D-galactose. The α-linked galactose occurs as α-3-6-anhydro unit and the β-linked sugar occurs as the 4-sulphate.<br>The image was kindly provided by Prof Mike Guiry from Cork who runs ‘The Seaweed Site’.</p>

<p>β-1,3-Glucan is a bioactive polysaccharide, which is located predominantly in the cell walls of yeast, fungi, and certain cereals. This compound is characterized by its unique branched structure, which is crucial for its biological function. The mode of action of β-1,3-Glucan involves the binding to specific receptors on immune cells, such as dectin-1, which triggers a cascade of immune responses. This interaction enhances the activity of macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells, thus bolstering the body's innate immune defenses.The uses and applications of β-1,3-Glucan are broad, primarily focused on immunological research and potential therapeutic strategies. It is extensively utilized in studies examining its effects as an immunomodulator, leveraging its ability to potentiate immune system function and examining its role in adjunctive cancer therapies, where it may enhance the efficacy of certain treatments. Additionally, β-1,3-Glucan is investigated for its potential benefits in reducing infection rates and improving recovery times in clinical settings. Moreover, its applications in dietary supplements and functional foods continue to be a subject of scientific inquiry, aiming to harness its health-promoting properties within nutrition science.</p>

<p>Gum Jhingan is a modified carbohydrate with a fluorinated saccharide. It is an oligosaccharide that has been synthesized from the sugar galactose. Gum Jhingan is a high-purity, custom-synthesized product that has been methylated and glycosylated. The modification process of this carbohydrate includes fluorination and click chemistry.</p>

<p>Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide of β 1-4 linked glucose residues. The polysaccharide chains are bundled as microfibrils in cell walls and provide the essential structural components within growing plants. Each microfibril exhibits a high degree of three-dimensional internal bonding resulting in a crystalline structure that is insoluble in water, resistant to reagents and very strong. The crystalline region of cellulose is isolated to produce microcrystalline cellulose. Microcrystalline cellulose is a term for refined wood pulp and is used as a texturizer, an anti-caking agent, a fat substitute, an emulsifier, an extender, and a bulking agent in food production.</p>

<p>Poria cocos is an edible medicinal fungus known as “Fuling” in Chinese that has been used as a Chinese traditional medicine for more than two thousand years. Polysaccharide material is the most abundant organic substance in the fungus, accounting for about 85% of the total and is a mixture of polysaccharides with the major component being Pachyman, a β-glucan with a 1,3 backbone and 1,6 side chains. It is reported that Pachyman has a wide range of biological activities including antitumour, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. Pachyman is a beta-glucan with a 1,3 backbone and 1,6 side chains of fungal origin (Poria cocos).<br>The image was kindly provided by Dr. Chris Lawson.</p>

<p>Danaparoid sodium (the active pharmaceutical ingredient in Orgaran; Merck Sharp and Dohme) is a biopolymeric non-heparin drug that is used as anticoagulant and antithrombotic agent, approved for the prophylaxis of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis.  It consists of a mixture of three glycosaminoglycans: heparan sulphate, dermatan sulphate, and chondroitin sulphate.  Danaparoid, has well established antithrombotic activity. The drug has a high antifactor Xa to antifactor IIa (thrombin) activity ratio, a low tendency to cause bleeding and minimal effects on the fibrinolytic system.</p>

<p>Cellulose acetate fiber is one of the earliest synthetic fibers and is based on cotton or tree pulp cellulose. Cellulose acetate is used as a film base in photography, as a component in some coatings, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.  It is also used as a synthetic fiber in the manufacture of cigarette filters and playing cards. In photographic film, cellulose acetate replaced nitrate film in the 1950s, being far less flammable and cheaper to produce but in recent years has been rendered obsolete by the advent of digital cameras.</p>

<p>DEAE-Dextran (DEAE-D) is a positively-charged dextran derivative that can be used for vaccine production, gene therapy, protein stabilisation, dyslipidemia prevention, flocculating agents, and many other applications. DEAE-D is also used for transfecting animal cells with foreign DNA.  DEAE-Sepharose, DEAE-650 and DEAE-Sephadex are commonly used in chromatography for the separation of biological molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates.</p>

<p>Viscoelastic polymer; excipient; food additive</p>

<p>Complex glucan (a 1-6) from Leuconostoc spp.; extender in blood transfusions</p>