Natural and semi-synthetic antibiotics

<p>Applications α-Zearalenol-d4 is the isotope labelled metabolite of Zearalenone (Z270500), an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi commonly found in grains.<br>References Olsen, M., et al.: Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol., 48, 15 (1981), Chang, W., et al.: Food Chem. Toxicol., 22, 887 (1984), El Golli, E., et al.: Toxicol Lett., 166, 122 (2006), Hassen, W., et al.: Toxicology, 232, 294 (2007), Benzoni, E., et al.: Reprod. Toxicol., 25, 461 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Fumonisin B3 is a mycotoxin present in corn. Fungal metabolite believed to cause leukoencephalomalacia in horses.<br>References Azcona-Olivera, J. et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 40, 531 (1992); Hopmans, E. et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 41, 1655 (1993); Monbaliu, S., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 10475 (2010), Klosowski, G., et al.: Biores. Technol., 101, 9723 (2010), Soerensen, L., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 398, 1535 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A mycotoxin produced by mold associated with corn. Fungal metabolite believed to cause leukoencephalomalacia in horses.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants<br>References Monbaliu, S., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 10475 (2010), Klosowski, G., et al.: Biores. Technol., 101, 9723 (2010), Soerensen, L., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 398, 1535 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Applications Deoxynivalenol is a tricothecene mycotoxin and potent protein synthesis inhibitor. Deoxynivalenol exhibits cytotoxic activity in vivo via the ribotoxic stress response. Deoxynivalenol induces p38-mediated gene expression and apoptosis in leukocytes; activity results in systemic expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other proinflammatory cytokines. Also induces migration of NF-κB into the nucleus.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Bae, et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 105, 59 (2008), Shi, et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 109, 247 (2009), Krishnaswamy, et al.: Free Radic. Biol. Med., 49 50 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications Isotope labelled β-Zearalenol is an more active metabolite of Zearalenone (Z270500), a estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi commonly found in grains.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Olsen, M., et al.: Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol., 48, 15 (1981), Chang, W., et al.: Food Chem. Toxicol., 22, 887 (1984), El Golli, E., et al.: Toxicol Lett., 166, 122 (2006), Hassen, W., et al.: Toxicology, 232, 294 (2007), Benzoni, E., et al.: Reprod. Toxicol., 25, 461 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications HT-2 Toxin is a trichothecene group mycotoxin. HT-2 Toxin is the 4-hydroxy analogue of T-2 Toxin (T002980) which has been shown to induce DNA damage and cell death on prolonged administration.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Weidner, M. et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 60, 5676 (2012); Choi, H. et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 240, 46 (2009); Amuzie, C. et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 113, 412 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications T-2 Toxin is a tricothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. T-2 Toxin induces DNA damage and cell death on prolonged administration.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Kim, C., et al.: Cancer Res., 57, 3115 (1997), Bottrel, R., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1999, 43, 856 (1999), Murray, P., et al.: J. Immunol., 178, 2623 (2007), Choi, H., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 240, 46 (2009), Amuzie, C., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 113, 412 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic, Toxic<br>Applications A mycotoxin produced by mold associated with corn. Inhibitor of sphingosine N-acyltransferase. Blocks the formation of ceramide from sphingosine.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Monbaliu, S., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 10475 (2010), Klosowski, G., et al.: Biores. Technol., 101, 9723 (2010), Soerensen, L., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 398, 1535 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Applications Estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi commonly found in grains. One of a group of compounds known as resorcylic acid lactones.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Tanaka, T., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 36, 979 (1988), Hamilton, S., et al.: Anticancer Res., 16, 3597 (1996), Hecht, S., et al.: Cancer Lett., 150, 49 (2000), Hussein, H., et al.: Toxicology, 167, 101 (2001), Lim, H., et al.: J. Immunol., 175, 4180 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications Estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi commonly found in grains. One of a group of compounds known as resorcylic acid lactones.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Tanaka, T., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 36, 979 (1988), Hamilton, S., et al.: Anticancer Res., 16, 3597 (1996), Hecht, S., et al.: Cancer Lett., 150, 49 (2000), Hussein, H., et al.: Toxicology, 167, 101 (2001), Lim, H., et al.: J. Immunol., 175, 4180 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Tacrolimus is a macrolide that is used as an immunosuppressive drug. It has been shown to bind to the FK-binding protein, which in turn inhibits calcineurin. This prevents the release of IL-2, TNF-α and other cytokines. The immunosuppressive effects of tacrolimus have been evaluated using analytical methods such as coefficients, affinity, and monitoring techniques such as immunoassays and agglutination. These techniques are used to evaluate the plasma concentration of tacrolimus. Tacrolimus also binds to proteins in the blood samples and can be detected by turbidimetric or electrochemiluminescence immunoassay reagents.</p>

<p>Applications A mycotoxin produced by the fungi Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum, inhibits protein synthesis.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Ashraf, A.; et al.: Int. J. Biol. Biotechnol., 4, 391 (2007), Burlakoti, R., et al.: App. Environ. Microbiol., 74, 6513 (2008), Steinmetz, W., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 44, 4485 (2009), Zhang, Y., et al.: Phytopathol., 99, 95 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Impurity Mupirocin EP Impurity D<br>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Mupirocin (M794000) impurity. (Mupirocin EP Impurity D) The rearrangement isomer of Mupirocin is prepared using an enzyme-catalyzed, selective deesterification.<br>References Sime, J.T., et al.: Tetrahedron Lett., 28, 5169 (1987),<br></p>

<p>Stability Appears to decompose in DMSO<br>Applications 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol is a trichothecene mycotoxin that is produced in a plant-pathogenic fungus, Fusarium graminearum Schwabe.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Beyer, M., et al.: Int. J. Food. Microbiol., 119, 153 (2007); Schiefer, H.B., et al.: Can. J. Comp. Med., 49, 315 (1985); Mirocha, C.J., et al.: App. Enviro.Microbiol., 55, 1315 (1989);<br></p>