Benzimidazole and Imidazole Derivatives

<p>Applications 2-(Ethylthio)ethanol is used to prepare aryldihydropyrimidinones as inhibitors of fatty acid transporter FATP4.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Blackburn, C., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 16, 3504 (2006)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Voriconazole EP Impurity D; Voriconazole USP Related Compound B<br>Applications ent-Voriconazole (Voriconazole USP Related Compound B; Voriconazole EP Impurity D) is the (2S,3R) enantiomer in Voriconazole (V760000) drug substance.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Gage, R., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 17, 1449 (1998), Owens, P., et al.: Enantiomer, 4, 79 (1999), Pehourcq, F., et al.: Biomed. Chromatogr., 18, 719 (2004), Sellers, J., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 41, 1088 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications A labelled metabolite of Midazolam (M343000).<br>References Ha, H., et al.: Ther. Drug Monit., 15, 338 (1993), Thummel, K., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 271, 557 (1994), Kim, R., et al.: Pharm. Res., 16, 408 (1999), Maurer, H., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 381, 110 (2005), Smink, B., et al.: J. Anal. Toxicol., 30, 478 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Stability Very Hygroscopic<br>Applications PD 224378 is a lactose conjugate degradation product of pregabalin (P704800), a GABA analogue used as an anticonvulsant.<br>References Lovdahl, M.J., et al.: J. Pharma. Biomed. Anal., 28, 917 (2002);<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Propantheline (P760900). Propantheline is an antimuscarinic agent used in the treatment of hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating), enuresis (involuntary urination) as well as cramps or spasms of the stomach, intestine and bladder.<br>References Levin, R. et al.: Neurol. Urodyn., 1, 221 (1982); Daniotti, S. et al.: Br. J. Pharmacol., 82, 305 (1984); Moller, J. et al .: Acta Med. Scand., 184, 201 (1968);<br></p>

<p>Applications Metopimazine (MPZ) is used to prevent emesis during chemotherapies. Antiemetic.<br>References Catz, P., et al.: Int. J. Pharm., 58, 93 (1990), Sato, K., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 80, 104 (1991), Herrstedt, J., et al.: Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 33, 53 (1996), Sigsgaard, T., et al.: J. Clin. Onc., 19, 2091 (2001),<br></p>

<p>Applications A component of herbicidal mixtures of cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors with VLCFA inhibitors.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Aptula, A., et al.: Chem. Res. Toxicol., 19, 1097 (2006), Chan, K., et al.: J. Appl. Toxicol., 28, 608 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications Lurasidone Opened Imide is an impurity in the synthesis of Lurasidone (L474920) which is antipsychotic used for treatment of schizophrenia.<br>References Ishiyama, T., et al.: Eur. J. Pharmacol., 572, 160 (2007); Cole, P., et al.: Drugs of the Fut., 33, 316 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Applications Nitroguanidine is used in the prediction of heats of detonation of energetic compounds from their molecular structure. It is also used in the synthetic preparation of imidacloprid-d4 (I274992), which is a neonicotinoid.<br> E0<br>References Keshavarz, M.H., et al.: Propellant, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 37, 93 (2012); Chauzat, M., et al.: Env. Entomol., 38, 514 (2009), Patial, A., et al.: Env. Ecol., 27, 320 (2009), Fernandez-Bayo, J., et al.: J. Agric., Food Chem., 57, 5435 (2009), Tomizawa, M., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 52, 3735 (2009), Chem. and Eng. News 90: 10 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Pantoprazole sulfone N-oxide is a prodrug that is converted to the active form pantoprazole in the stomach where it inhibits gastric acid secretion. Pantoprazole sulfone N-oxide has been shown to be genotoxic, and can cause polyvinyl chloride to degrade when stored together. Reconstituted solution of this drug should be used within 24 hours after reconstitution, as the chemical stability of this drug decreases rapidly. Validation studies have been conducted on different analytical methods for determining pantoprazole concentrations in reconstituted solutions, and these methods have been harmonized with those published by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). The pump inhibitor activity of pantoprazole sulfone N-oxide has been demonstrated in dogs, and it is also useful for treating acid reflux disease in humans. Pantoprazole sulfone N-oxide is unstable at high temperatures (&gt;25°C), so should not be refrigerated or</p>

<p>2,12-Dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-8-methoxy-12-thioxobenzo [4,5] pyrido [1,2-c] imidazo [1,2-a] imidazol-2-one is a metabolite of the drug 2-[2-(4,5,-dihydroimidazo[1,2a]imidazol -2(3H)-yl)ethoxy]-N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide. It can be used as an impurity standard for the manufacture of drugs and as a research chemical.</p>

<p>2,12-Dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-9-methoxy-12-thioxobenzo [4,5] pyrido [1,2-c] imidazo [1,2-a] imidazol-2-one is a synthetic compound that has not been evaluated in humans. This compound is an impurity standard for the synthesis of an API. The purity of this compound is &gt;98% and it has been shown to be stable under acidic conditions.</p>

<p>The human red blood cell (RBC) is a non-nucleated cell in the human blood that carries oxygen to the body's cells. The erythrocyte is characterized by its biconcave shape and its lack of organelles. It has a volume of about 80 fL, and a diameter of about 7 micrometers. The RBCs are produced in bone marrow from precursor cells that differentiate into erythroid progenitor cells. This drug binds to the hemoglobin molecules in the red blood cells and alters their shape, causing an increase in their deformability. In addition, this drug decreases the viscosity of the plasma outside of the red blood cell, which increases its extravascular sensitivity. Evaluations have been performed on low doses to evaluate sensitivities within capillaries with microscopy parameters such as magnification and resolution. These evaluations have shown that this drug can be used for quantifying changes in capillary size due to low doses (</p>

<p>N-Desalkyl itraconazole is a triazole antifungal drug that belongs to the group of medicines. It is used in the treatment of systemic mycoses, including blastomycosis and histoplasmosis. N-Desalkyl itraconazole has been shown to inhibit the growth of fungi by interfering with their cell membranes and inhibiting their production of ergosterol. Calibration studies have shown that this drug binds to human liver microsomes and plasma proteins, as well as transporters such as P-glycoprotein. These interactions may influence its pharmacokinetics, which can be determined using a bioanalytical method.</p>

<p>Lamotrigine is a chemically unrelated compound, which is the active ingredient of a new class of adjuvant drugs for epilepsy. This drug has been found to be effective against seizures in patients with partial seizures and generalized seizures. Lamotrigine is an orally administered suspensoid that can be mixed with water or other liquids to form a suspension. It has been used as a flavouring agent and an adjuvant in pharmaceuticals, including tablets and capsules. The chemical structure of lamotrigine includes two 2,3-dichlorophenyl groups connected by an amino group (guanidinoimino). This structure gives lamotrigine its chemical name: 2-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2-(guanidinoimino) acetonitrile.</p>

<p>Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease and other conditions involving excessive stomach acid production. The chemical name for Pantoprazole impurity is (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl-3-[(pyrrolidin-2-yl)oxy]propanediol. This substance is an enantiomer of pantoprazole, which has been determined to be inactive. Pantoprazole impurity can be identified by its melting point, crystallizing habit, and optical rotation. Active carbon filtration can be used to remove this substance from the final product.</p>

<p>6-Methyl-4-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-1-benzopyran-2-one is an analog of the natural product zearalenone, which can be used as an acid catalyst for the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals. It has a linear range and is structurally similar to a number of other analogs. The chloride ion is involved in the optimization of the extraction parameters and can be replaced by other c1-4 alkyl groups. 6-Methyl-4-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-1 -benzopyran 2 one is typically prepared using a preparative high performance liquid chromatography technique that involves dehydration.</p>