Food Industry Standards

<p>Applications Protected Patulin.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br></p>

<p>Applications Diacetoxyscirpenolis is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by various Fusarium strains. Diacetoxyscirpenol was found to occur in cereals conjugated to glucose and other sugars.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Rasmussen, P.H., et al.: Mycotoxin, Res., 28, 181 (2012); Scauflaire, J., et al.: Euro. J. Pathol., 133, 911 (2012); Brunhofer, G., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 20, 6669 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications An alternaria mycotoxin and genotoxin, found in common edible crops. It inhibits the activity of various DNA-topoisomerases, increasing the rate of DNA strand breaks.<br>References Asam, S., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 57, 5152 (2009); Fehr, M., et al.: Mol. Nut. Food Res., 53, 441 (2009); Tiemann, U., et al.: Toxicol. Lett., 186, 139 (2009);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications HT-2 Toxin is a trichothecene group mycotoxin. HT-2 Toxin is the 4-hydroxy analogue of T-2 Toxin (T002980) which has been shown to induce DNA damage and cell death on prolonged administration.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Weidner, M. et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 60, 5676 (2012); Choi, H. et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 240, 46 (2009); Amuzie, C. et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 113, 412 (2010);<br></p>

<p>Applications Alternariol 9-Methyl Ether 3-Sulfate Ammonium Salt is a derivative of Alternariol 9-Methyl Ether (A575770) which is an alternaria mycotoxin and genotoxin, found in common edible crops. It inhibits the activity of various DNA-topoisomerases, increasing he rate of DNA strand breaks.<br>References Asam, S., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 57, 5152 (2009); Fehr, M., et al.: Mol. Nut. Food Res., 53, 441 (2009); Tiemann, U., et al.: Toxicol. Lett., 186, 139 (2009); Hawas, U., et al.: Appl. Biochem. Micro., 51, 579 (2015);<br></p>

<p>Applications Ochratoxins are toxic metabolites from Aspergillus orchraceus.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Belli, N., et al.: Int. J. Food Microb., 96, 19 ( 2004), Pardo, E., et al.: Food Microb., 23, 35 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications Active antimalarial constituent of the tradional Chinese medicinal herb Artemisia annua L., Compositae, which has been known for almost 2000 years as Qinghao. Antimalarial.<br>References Klayman, D.L., et al.: Science, 228, 1049 (1985), Price, R.N., et al.: Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs, 9, 1815 (2000), Meshnick, S.R., et al.: Int. J., Parasitol., 32, 1655 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Patulin (PAT), a mycotoxin produced by certain species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys, is mainly found in ripe apple and apple products. Patulin-induced genotoxicity and modulation of glutathione in Hep G2 cells. Patulin is an antibiotic. Patulin-induced nephropathy and gastrointestinal tract malfunction have been demonstrated in several animal models. The oral LD50 value of patulin ranges between 29 and 55 mg/kg body weight in rodents and 170 mg/kg body weight in poultry. The World Health Organization considers patulin cytotoxic and established a safety level of patulin in apple juice at 50 μM. At 100-200 μM, patulin can directly increase intracellular oxidative stress in HEK293 and HL-60 cells. In 1944, this compound was tested in a clinical trial for potential antibiotic<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Scott, P., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 20, 450 (1972), Aden, D., et al.: Nature, 282, 615 (1979), Surralles, J., et al.: Mutat. Res., 341, 169 (1995), Alves, I., et al.: Mutagenesis, 15, 229 (2000), Liu, B., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 191, 255 (2003), Puel, O., Galtier, P., and Oswald, I.P. Biosynthesis and toxicological effects of patulin. Toxins 2(4) 613-631 (2010). Liu, B., Wu, T., Yu, F., et al. Induction of oxidative stress response by the mycotoxin patulin in mammalian cells. Toxicol Sci 95(2) 340-347 (2007). Chalmers, I., and Clarke, M. Commentary: The 1994 patulin trial: The first properly controlled multicentre trial conducted under the aegis of the British Medical Research Council. Int J Epidemiol 32 253-260 (2004).<br></p>

<p>Applications T2 Tetraol is a type A trichothecene mycotoxin.<br></p>

<p>Applications T-2 Toxin is a tricothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. T-2 Toxin induces DNA damage and cell death on prolonged administration.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Kim, C., et al.: Cancer Res., 57, 3115 (1997), Bottrel, R., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 1999, 43, 856 (1999), Murray, P., et al.: J. Immunol., 178, 2623 (2007), Choi, H., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 240, 46 (2009), Amuzie, C., et al.: Toxicol. Sci., 113, 412 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Chloroethanol is used in the preparation of TTFTT (tetrathiafulvalene-2,3,6,7-tetrathiolate) and important building block in TTF syntheis. In addition, it is used in the synthesis of vinyltriazoles. This is the labeled analog.<br>Dangerous Goods Info This compound is forbidden to ship by air under IATA regulations.<br>References Svenstrup, N. et al.: Synthesis, 8, 809 (1994); Thibault, R. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 12084 (2006);<br></p>

<p>Applications A mycotoxin produced by the fungi Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum, inhibits protein synthesis.Environmental contaminants; Food contaminants<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Ashraf, A.; et al.: Int. J. Biol. Biotechnol., 4, 391 (2007), Burlakoti, R., et al.: App. Environ. Microbiol., 74, 6513 (2008), Steinmetz, W., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 44, 4485 (2009), Zhang, Y., et al.: Phytopathol., 99, 95 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications Chlorfenvinphos is derived from α,2,4-Trichloroacetophenone (T774315), which is a reagent used in the synthesis of isoconazole, a potent anti-fungal agent. Pesticide.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Dulcevscaia, G. et al.: Polyhed., 52, 106 (2013); Wang, Y. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 22, 5363 (2012); Olivieira, B. R., et al.: Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 22, 11781-11791 (2015)<br></p>

<p>Applications Hexahydrocoumarin,is the derivative of Coumarin (C755380). It was formerly used as a fragrance ingredient.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Letizia, C. S., et al.: Food and Chemical Toxicology, 38, S115 (2000);<br></p>

<p>Applications 8-Isoergocornine is an ergot fungus alkaloid related to Ergocornine (E597350). It is a mycotoxin found in moldy food products.<br>References Sulyok, M., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 389, 1505 (2007); Krska, R., et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 391, 563 (2008); Sulyok, M., et al.: Food Chem., 119, 408 (2009);<br></p>