Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Compounds and Metabolites

<p>15-deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin D2 (15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGD2) is a PGD2 metabolite functioning as an agonist for the PGD2 receptor 2 (DP2), with a binding affinity (Ki) of 50 nM for the mouse DP2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cell membranes. It activates eosinophils with an EC50 of 8 nM and enhances the recruitment of steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), initiating PPARγ-mediated transcription at 5 µM concentration. Furthermore, it exhibits cytotoxicity towards L1210 murine leukemia cells with an IC50 of 0.3 µg/ml and displays weaker inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation than PGD2, with an IC50 of 320 ng/ml.</p>

<p>Arbaprostil, a synthetic PGE analog, guards stomach lining, aids ulcer healing, and blocks pancreatic function and tumor growth.</p>

<p>11-Hexadecenoic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid, comprises both 11-cis-hexadecenoic acid and 11-trans-hexadecenoic acid. These isoforms are present in ewe milk fat and their concentrations increase when the diet is supplemented with lipids from linseed, sunflower, olive, or fish oils. Additionally, 11-trans-hexadecenoic acid is found in intramuscular fat of both male and female foals. The product is a blend of the 11-cis and 11-trans forms. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1208]</p>

<p>3-Butynoic acid is an acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase inhibitor that is a substrate for D-lactate dehydrogenase and can be used to study lactate metabolism.</p>

<p>Pentadecanoyl ethanolamide, a derivative of the endogenous lipid amides (N-acylethanolamines), demonstrates anticonvulsant efficacy in electroshock-induced seizures in mice, exhibiting minimal toxicity [1].</p>

<p>7,12-Diketolithocholic acid, a bile acid, exhibits elevated plasma levels in patients experiencing cholestasis.</p>

<p>Metformin hydroxy analog 2, an oxidation product of the biguanide metformin (1), represents a chemically transformed variant of the original compound, showcasing a modified molecular structure through the process of oxidation.</p>

<p>Glycolithocholic acid (Lithocholic acid glycine conjugate) is a glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid.</p>

<p>N-Acyl taurines, such as N-lignoceroyl taurine, alongside various arachidonoyl amino acid conjugates like N-arachidonoyl dopamine and N-arachidonoyl-L-serine, have been identified in bovine brain and through mass spectrometry lipidomic studies in the brain and spinal cord of both wild-type and FAAH knockout mice. Notably, N-lignoceroyl taurine levels were found to be 23-26 times higher in FAAH knockout mice than in wild types, suggesting its degradation by FAAH, despite in vitro evidence showing FAAH hydrolyzes N-lignoceroyl taurine significantly slower than oleoyl ethanolamide. Additionally, N-acyl taurines with polyunsaturated acyl chains are known to activate TRPV1 and TRPV4 channels within the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of calcium channels.</p>

<p>13,14-Dihydro-15(R)-Prostaglandin E1 (13,14-dihydro-15(R)-PGE1) is an analog of 13,14-dihydro-PGE1 characterized by its R-configured hydroxyl group at the C-15 position [1].</p>

<p>Leukotriene C4 (14,15-LTC4) is an inflammatory mediator synthesized from arachidonic acid through the actions of 15- and 12-lipoxygenases (LOs), involving intermediates such as 15-HpETE and 14,15-LTA4. Unlike the majority of leukotrienes formed via the 5-LO pathway, 14,15-LTC4 is an eoxin predominantly produced by eosinophils, although mast cells and nasal polyps can also synthesize it. While its physiological roles are not well understood, 14,15-LTC4 exhibits limited contractile activity on guinea pig ileum and pulmonary parenchyma. However, it can increase vascular permeability in human endothelial cell monolayers in vitro with potency comparable to 5-LO-derived leukotrienes, contributing to plasma leakage characteristic of inflammation.</p>

<p>Prostaglandin F2α-1-glyceryl ester undergoes oxidation via 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-HPGDH) [1].</p>

<p>13-OAHSA, a branched fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), results from the esterification of oleic acid to 13-hydroxy stearic acid. It represents a significant component of the FAHFA family, most abundantly expressed in the serum of glucose-tolerant AG4OX mice that exhibit adipose tissue-specific overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter. Similar to other FAHFAs which are known to enhance glucose tolerance, stimulate insulin secretion, and exert anti-inflammatory effects, 13-OAHSA may play a pivotal role in managing metabolic syndrome and inflammation.</p>

<p>AZD6605 is a potent, reversible inhibitor of, MMP2, MMP9, MMP12 and MMP13.</p>

<p>N-Oleoyl taurine, an amino-acyl endocannabinoid isolated from rat brain, along with several arachidonoyl amino acids such as N-arachidonoyl dopamine and N-arachidonoyl serine, have been derived from bovine brain. Mass spectral lipidomics analysis of rat brain revealed a series of fatty acyl amides of taurine, marking the discovery of a new class of compounds. These compounds, found in the kidney, are known to activate members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of calcium channels, with N-Oleoyl taurine specifically potentially activating TRPV1 and TRPV4 channels.</p>

<p>A 62198 is a potent and selective renin inhibitor with potential as a hypotensive agent.</p>

<p>Prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), initially isolated from the incubation of arachidonic acid with ovine seminal vesicle microsomes, acts as a potent vasoconstrictor. It serves as the precursor for all 2-series prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (TXs). Moreover, as a TP receptor agonist, PGH2 irreversibly aggregates human platelets at concentrations of 50-100 ng/ml.</p>

<p>11β-13,14-Dihydro-15-keto PGF2α, a PGD2 metabolite in the 15-hydroxy PGDH pathway, is formed in human males upon infusion or inhalation of tritiated PGD2, with peak plasma levels of both 11β-PGF2α and 11β-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α observed within 10 minutes. In human lung homogenates, PGD2 is metabolized firstly to 11β-PGF2α and subsequently to 11β-15-keto-PGF2α in the presence of NAD+, but not to 11β-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α. Conversely, guinea pig liver and kidney homogenates can metabolize PGD2 to 11β-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α via 11β-PGF2α, with both NAD+ and NADP+ being requisite for this conversion.</p>

<p>R1498 inhibits CDK2, targets angiogenesis and mitosis, and is an oral treatment for liver and stomach cancer.</p>

<p>14,15-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (14,15-EET), derived from Arachidonic acid metabolism, significantly inhibits platelet aggregation in vivo and enhances</p>

<p>Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are lipids recently discovered to be modulated by dietary influences such as fasting and high-fat feeding, and they play a role in enhancing insulin sensitivity. These compounds typically feature a carbon-16 or carbon-18 fatty acid (e.g., palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) esterified to a carbon-16 or carbon-18 hydroxy fatty acid. A specific example is 12-SAHSA, which consists of stearic acid linked to 12-hydroxy stearic acid. Notably, 12-SAHSA levels are found to be moderately increased in the serum of glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, a model characterized by adipose tissue-specific overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter.</p>

<p>12,15-Epoxy-13-methyl-12,14-eicosadienoic acid, a furan fatty acid first identified in northern pike (E. lucius), exhibits elevated levels in the liver of starving cod.</p>

<p>Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are recently discovered lipids that play a role in the body's response to fasting and high-fat diets, with a link to insulin sensitivity. These compounds consist of a long-chain fatty acid (such as palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) bonded to a hydroxy fatty acid, both ranging in length from C-16 to C-18. Specifically, 12-OAHSA is a type of FAHFA where oleic acid is attached to the 12th carbon of hydroxy stearic acid. Within the FAHFA family, OAHSAs are particularly notable for their high concentration in the serum of AG4OX mice, a strain engineered to express the Glut4 glucose transporter predominantly in their adipose tissue, which demonstrates an enhanced glucose tolerance.</p>

<p>2-Stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (2-Stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC) is a lysophospholipid characterized by the presence of stearic acid at the sn-2 position. This compound has been identified in the myocardium of rabbits.</p>

<p>1-Myristoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol, a triacylglycerol, features myristic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid at the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 positions, respectively. This compound is prevalent in mature human milk, infant formula fats, and butterfat.</p>

<p>1,2-Dioleoyl-3-linoleoyl-rac-glycerol (OOL) is a triglyceride featuring oleic acid at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions and linoleic acid at the sn-3 position. This compound is prevalent in several seed and vegetable oils, such as those from pumpkin seeds, olives, and sesame.</p>

<p>1,2,3-Tritricosanoyl glycerol, a triacylglycerol containing tricosanoic acid at the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 positions, serves as an internal standard for the quantification of fatty acids within the triglyceride component of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) cultured in media supplemented with stearic and/or oleic acid.</p>

<p>(R)-Palmitoyl-(2-methyl)ethanolamide (Me-PEA) acts as a competitive inhibitor against [3H]-AEA metabolism, exhibiting a K i value of 6.6 μM [1].</p>

<p>10-OAHSA is a newly discovered endogenous lipid categorized within the group of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). This specific FAHFA comprises oleic acid esterified to 10-hydroxy stearic acid. It stands out among its FAHFA counterparts for its potential bioactive properties, similar to other members of its family such as PAHSAs, which are notably prevalent in the adipose tissue of AG4OX mice exhibiting glucose tolerance due to overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter specifically in adipose tissue. Like other FAHFAs, 10-OAHSA may play significant roles in enhancing glucose tolerance, stimulating insulin secretion, and exerting anti-inflammatory effects, which suggests its importance in managing metabolic syndrome and inflammation.</p>

<p>17-Phenyl trinor prostaglandin A2 is a synthetic analog of prostaglandin [1].</p>

<p>Very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFA), notably present in the retina, sperm, and brain, have yet to be fully understood in terms of their biosynthesis and functional roles within these tissues. Recent research, particularly with the elongation of very long-chain FA-4 protein, indicates a distinct function for VLCPUFAs in retinal development and the progression of macular degeneration. CAY10632, a specific C32:6 VLCPUFA, while largely unexplored in its biological activities, is believed to play a role in maintaining normal function of photoreceptor cells in the retina.</p>

<p>Tiracizine HCl, a new class I antiarrhythmic drug, was studied in patients with ischemic heart disease and shown to decrease myocardial contractile function.</p>

<p>AalphaC (2-Amino-alpha-carboline) is a potential carcinogen.</p>

<p>N8-Acetylspermidine dihydrochloride is a polyamine that regulates ischemic cardiac apoptosis and resultant cardiac dysfunction.</p>

<p>cis-9,10-Epoxystearic acid (cis-9,10-Epoxyoctadecanoic acid) is an endogenous component in human urine and blood and can be produced from oleic acid by enzymic</p>

<p>1,2-Dimyristoyl-3-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol (MMP) is a triacylglycerol comprising myristic acid and palmitic acid [1].</p>

<p>Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) have emerged as significant regulators of metabolic processes, influenced by dietary changes such as fasting and high-fat diets, and are linked to improved insulin sensitivity in mice. These compounds typically feature a fatty acid chain, either C-16 or C-18 in length (for example, palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid), esterified to a hydroxy fatty acid of similar length. A specific FAHFA, 12-POHSA, involves the esterification of palmitoleic acid to the 12th carbon of stearic acid. Notably, 12-POHSA levels are markedly higher in the serum of AG4OX mice, which exhibit enhanced glucose tolerance due to overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter in adipose tissue. Given the capacity of FAHFAs to enhance glucose tolerance, stimulate insulin secretion, and exert anti-inflammatory actions, 12-POHSA holds potential as a bioactive lipid implicated in managing metabolic syndrome and inflammation.</p>

<p>C24:1 1-Deoxyceramide (m18:1/24:1(15Z)) is a lipid molecule that can be used in life science related research. The CAS number of C24:1 1-Deoxyceramide (m18:1/24:1(15Z)) is 1246298-58-7.</p>

<p>Diflumidone sodium is a non-steroidal agent with anti-inflammatory activity.</p>

<p>1,2-Dioleoyl-3-stearoyl-rac-glycerol, a triacylglycerol, features oleic acid at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions and stearic acid at the sn-3 position. This compound is present in sunflower, corn, and soybean oils, as well as in ostrich oil.</p>

<p>Hypogeic acid is isolable from cultures of autotrophic bacteria linked to sulfate accumulation in biofilters [1].</p>

<p>Amb123203 is an inhibitor of the budding of mVP40 and eVP40 VLPs that acts by blocking mVP40-795 Nedd4 protein-protein interaction.</p>

<p>Curcumin-β-D-glucuronide, a principal metabolite detected in hepatic tissue and portal blood following oral consumption of Curcumin, is utilized in colon cancer</p>

<p>9-OxoODE, formed through the oxidation of the allylic hydroxyl group in both 9(S)-HODE and 9(R)-HODE, is present in rabbit reticulocyte plasma and mitochondrial membranes as both 9- and 13-oxoODEs, constituting approximately 2% of the total linoleate residues. The majority of these oxidized linoleate residues are esterified to membrane lipids.</p>

<p>Docosatrienoic acid is a rare omega-3 fatty acid; Ki value is 5×M, which inhibits the binding of LTB4 to porcine neutrophil membrane.</p>

<p>JTV-803 inhibits factor Xa (K(i) 0.019 µM, IC(50) 0.081 µM), 100x more selective vs thrombin, extends clotting times dose-dependently.</p>

<p>5-PAHSA, a FAHFA formed through the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of 5-hydroxystearic acid, serves as a human metabolite, possesses anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties, and is categorized as a long-chain fatty acid. This compound, deriving from hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid, is the conjugate acid of a 5-PAHSA(1-).</p>

<p>C24:1 dihydro 1-Deoxyceramide (m18:0/24:1) is a lipid molecule that can be used in life science related research. The CAS number of C24:1 dihydro 1-Deoxyceramide (m18:0/24:1) is 1246298-60-1.</p>

<p>M-0002, a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, is used potentially for the treatment of ascites.</p>

<p>Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), though not predominantly found in nature, plays a significant role in clinical treatments, addressing conditions such as peripheral occlusive vascular disease, erectile dysfunction, and neonatal cardiology issues. The metabolism of PGE1 primarily begins with the oxidation at C-15, producing 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGE1 as its major metabolite. Alternatively, inhibiting this pathway or overwhelming it with too much PGE1 could potentially enhance the production of 2,3-dinor metabolites, like 2,3-dinor PGE1, though their biological activities remain unreported. Cayman Chemical stands out as a prominent provider of prostaglandins and their metabolites, uniquely manufacturing 2,3-dinor PGE1.</p>

<p>9(E),11(E)-Conjugated Linoleic Acid (9(E),11(E)-CLA) belongs to a group of eight geometric isomers of linoleic acid, characterized by adjacent double bonds. This specific isomer, 9,11 all-trans linoleic acid, was first discovered in ground beef and is found in various dairy products as well. Notably, it has been shown to decrease mammary tumors in rats with dietary inclusion as minimal as 0.1%. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1181]</p>

<p>2-Methoxyestrone is a methoxylated catechol estrogen and the principal metabolite of 2-hydroxyestrone, a nonuterotropic metabolite of estradiol.</p>

<p>Prostaglandin B2 is a dehydration product of PGE2/PGA2 with weak TP receptor activity, raising rabbit pulmonary pressure at &gt;5 ug/kg.</p>

<p>Uridine 5'-diphosphate acts as a P2Y6 receptor agonist, exhibiting an EC50 value of 0.013 μM for the human P2Y6 receptor [1].</p>

<p>H-0106 Dihydrochloride is an inhibitor of ROCK that acts by applying strong intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effects into the eyes of monkeys.</p>

<p>1,2-Dioleoyl-3-docosohexaenoyl-rac-glycerol, a triacylglycerol, consists of oleic acid at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions and docosahexaenoic acid at the sn-3 position. This compound has been identified in human breast milk.</p>

<p>1-Palmitoyl-3-stearoyl-rac-glycerol, a diacylglycerol, features palmitic acid at the sn-1 position and stearic acid at the sn-3 position. This compound appears in palm-based diacylglycerols derived from palm stearin, palm mid fraction, palm oil, and palm olein, as well as in extracts of wheat bran and brewer's spent grain.</p>

<p>N-Arachidonoyl dopamine (NADA) and N-Arachidonoyl serine (ARA-S), among various arachidonoyl amino acids, have been extracted from bovine brain, while a novel series of fatty acyl amides of taurine were unearthed in rat brain through mass spectral lipidomic analysis, indicating the discovery of a new class of compounds also located in the kidney. These compounds are known to activate members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of calcium channels. Notably, N-Stearoyl taurine emerges as a significant amino-acyl endocannabinoid identified in rat brain lipidomics profiling.</p>

<p>Taurohyocholic acid (THCA), a taurine-conjugated form of porcine-specific primary bile acid hyocholic acid, inhibits cholesterol crystal precipitation by stabilizing cholesterol in the liquid-crystalline phase and prevents cholestasis and cellular necrosis in isolated rat livers induced by taurolithocholic acid. Additionally, THCA levels rise in the urine of patients with hepatitis B-induced cirrhosis.</p>

<p>Iomazenil is an antagonist and partial inverse agonist of benzodiazepine and potential therapy for alcohol abuse.</p>

<p>12(R)-HEPE, a monohydroxy fatty acid derived from EPA in the eggs of the sea urchin S. purpuratus, has a biological activity that, while not extensively documented, may resemble that of 12(R)-HETE (Catalog No.34560).</p>

<p>H-0104 Dihydrochloride is an inhibitor of ROCK that acts by applying potent intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effects into the eyes of monkeys.</p>

<p>Prostaglandin B3 (PGB3) is a secondary alcohol belonging to the prostaglandin B class, characterized by its relatively low affinity for human PPARγ, exhibiting a K_i value greater than 1 mM, in contrast to PGB1 and PGB2, which have K_i values of 26.28 ± 8.7 μM and 77 ± 37.7 μM, respectively [1].</p>

<p>Calcium palmitate, a long-chain saturated fatty acid prevalent in animals and plants, induces the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in mouse granulosa cells. It is employed to establish a cell steatosis model [1] [2].</p>

<p>Biliverdin, produced through the oxidation of bilirubin, can also be synthesized through a non-protoporphyrin pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum [1].</p>

<p>1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-stearoyl-rac-glycerol, a primary triacylglycerol in cocoa butter, features palmitic acid (at the sn-1 position), oleic acid (at the sn-2 position), and stearic acid (at the sn-3 position).</p>

<p>KRP-109, a neutrophil elastase (NE) inhibitor, acts by decreasing expression of TGF-ß Signal Related Genes.</p>

<p>ML395 is a potent, selective PLD2 allosteric inhibitor with potent antiviral activity (IC50 =360 nM).</p>

<p>Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are endogenous lipids that are influenced by fasting and high-fat diets and linked to improved insulin sensitivity in mice. These compounds typically feature a chain of either 16 or 18 carbon atoms (for example, palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) esterified with a hydroxy fatty acid chain of similar length. One specific FAHFA, known as 5-OAHSA, consists of oleic acid bonded to the fifth carbon of hydroxy stearic acid. Within the FAHFA family, OAHSAs exhibit the highest serum levels in AG4OX mice, which are known for their glucose tolerance attributed to the overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter in adipose tissue.</p>

<p>Argininosuccinic acid disodium, involved in the urea cycle's fourth step, is cleaved by argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) into arginine and fumarate.</p>

<p>C22 Phytoceramide (t18:0/22:0) is a lipid molecule that can be used in life science related research. The CAS number of C22 Phytoceramide (t18:0/22:0) is 164576-03-8.</p>

<p>C16 1-Deoxyceramide (m18:1/16:0) is a lipid molecule that can be used in life science related research. The CAS number of C16 1-Deoxyceramide (m18:1/16:0) is 1246298-56-5.</p>

<p>9(Z),11(E),13(Z)-Octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester, an isomer of 9(Z),11(E),13(E)-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester and the methyl ester derivative of 9(Z),11(E),13(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid, serves as a standard for quantifying 9(Z),11(E),13(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid in wild growing pomegranate (P. granatum) seed oil [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1240].</p>

<p>Cis-13-Octadecenoic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid, is identified in bovine milk fat.</p>

<p>L-DABA hydrobromide (L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid hydrobromide) , GABA transaminase inhibitor with antitumor and anticonvulsant activity.</p>

<p>(+)-Potassium Ds-threo-isocitrate monobasic is a bioactive compound known for its role in enhancing cellular metabolism and regulating energy production. This substance is also utilized in researching metabolic pathways and the regulation of enzyme activities. Widely applied in biochemical research, (+)-Potassium Ds-threo-isocitrate monobasic is studied for its potential functions in cellular processes and disease mechanisms.</p>

<p>4-Hexen-3-one inhibits the growth of H. pylori in the ATCC 43526 strain and TDR strain. Additionally, this compound suppresses urease activity.</p>

<p>7PPD-Q is a substituted p-phenylenediamine antioxidant derivative. It exhibits toxicity towards the bacterium V. fischeri (EC50= 14.9 mg/L).</p>

<p>MRS4458 is an effective inhibitor of the P2Y14 Receptor.</p>

<p>Slow isomerization of the C-11 double bond of LTE4 leads to the formation of 11-trans LTE4. 11-trans LTE4 is equipotent to LTE4 in contracting guinea pig ileum.</p>

<p>Xanthosine 5'-monophosphate is produced from inosine monophosphate (IMP) through the catalytic action of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH).</p>

<p>Pyrocatechol sulfate, a phenolic metabolite found in human plasma, is associated with the intake of specific foods such as berries and the state of the gut microbiome. It serves as a potential urinary biomarker for kidney function, dialysis clearance rates, whole grain consumption, and regular coffee intake. Additionally, in conjunction with other phenolic sulfates, pyrocatechol sulfate plays a role in regulating various biological functions, including those related to brain health and the rhythmic beating of cardiac cells.</p>

<p>Isoprostanes are produced by the non-enzymatic, free radical peroxidation of phospholipid-esterified arachidonic acid.</p>

<p>3β,7β-Dihydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid is a C27 acid whose levels are elevated in Niemann-Pick Type C and B diseases, leading to toxicity in ocular motor neurons. It is synthesized by the enzymatic action of hydroxysteroid 11-β dehydrogenase 1 from 3β-hydroxy-7-oxocholest-5-en-(25R)26-enoic acid (3βH,7O-CA).</p>

<p>13(R)-HODE, produced from linoleic acid, inhibits platelet aggregation (IC50=2.7μM) and is found in bovine endothelial cells.</p>

<p>Toladryl is a derivative of Diphenhydramine that can cross the blood-brain barrier and exhibits oral activity, with antihistamine and anticholinergic properties. Its anticholinergic effects are approximately a tenth of those seen with Diphenhydramine, yet it offers 2-4 times the protection against lethal doses of histamine in guinea pigs. The side effects of Toladryl are fewer and milder compared to Diphenhydramine; however, at higher doses, it may cause symptoms such as insomnia, agitation, and disorientation related to the central nervous system. Toladryl is utilized in the research of allergic diseases.</p>

<p>Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate (pentahydrate) acts as an activator of the hydroxyl-carboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) and serves as an epigenetic regulator that induces lysine residue lactylation. This compound, a glycolysis end product, bridges the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation and functions as a tumor metabolite with immunoprotective effects of lactate in antitumor immunity.</p>

<p>9(S)-HETE is an enantiomer of (±)9-HETE, not an enzymatic product, and doesn't promote cell adhesion like 12(S)-HETE. Identified by chiral HPLC.</p>

<p>Squalestatin 3 is an inhibitor of squalene synthase.</p>

<p>1,2-Dipentadecanoyl-rac-glycerol (DG(15:0/15:0/0:0)) is a compound referenced in studies examining the effect of insulin on the content of 1,2-diacylglycerol in rat hearts. Insulin is observed to increase the amount of 1,2-diacylglycerol containing specific fatty acid compositions in the heart, which may be linked to cardiac contractility.</p>

<p>D-2-Phosphoglyceric acid is a crucial metabolic intermediate known for its role in enhancing cellular energy metabolism and regulating biosynthesis. It plays a key role in both glycolysis and photosynthesis, which are essential for cellular energy supply. Additionally, D-2-Phosphoglyceric acid serves as a biomarker for monitoring metabolic states in various organisms.</p>

<p>7-Hydroxychlorpromazine, an active metabolite of Chlorpromazine, can reversibly counteract the suppression of regionally dense dopaminergic neurons induced by Amphetamine.</p>

<p>8-Oxo-dATP can be hydrolyzed to its monophosphate form by the oxidation of purine nucleoside triphosphate MTH1, preventing erroneous incorporation during DNA replication or transcription.</p>

<p>Miaosporone A: angucyclic quinone, cytotoxic to MCF-7, NCI-H187, Vero cells; anti-TB and anti-malaria with IC50 of 2.4 μM, 2.5 μM.</p>

<p>Homodestcardin: cyclic depsipeptide from T. roseum with immunosuppressant properties; inhibits mouse T cell proliferation.</p>

<p>Rostratin B, a cytotoxic disulfide, demonstrates in vitro cytotoxicity against human colon carcinoma (HCT-116), exhibiting an IC50 value of 1.9 μg/mL.</p>

<p>NADH-IN-2 (compound 8) is a Type II NADH dehydrogenase inhibitor.</p>

<p>Estradiol 3-glucuronide is an immunogen with antigenic properties. The antiserum induced in rabbits exhibits high affinity and specificity for Estradiol 3-glucuronide. This compound shows promise for use in research involving radioimmunoassay.</p>

<p>15:0 PG sodium serves as an activator for the Protein Kinase C family and is an anionic phospholipid located in the membranes of mitochondria and microsomes. It plays a crucial role in the composition of pulmonary surfactants, especially within the membrane of the pulmonary lamellar bodies.</p>

<p>Zaragozic acid C is an effective inhibitor of squalene synthase.</p>