Peptides

<p>Fluorogenic substrate peptide to assay trypsin-like activity. In its intact state this peptide is non-fluorescent, however when the Rhodamine fluorophore is released upon hydrolysation, fluorescence can be detected. This peptide is therefore a useful tool for analysing trypsin-like enzyme activity.The presence of the D-proline residue on the C terminal of the rhodamine molecule ensures one directional rhodamine cleavage which simplifies fluorescence studies. Rhodamine 110 is a laser grade fluorescent dye with excitation maxima at 496 nm and emission maxima at 522 nm.</p>

<p>[5-FAM]-Tyr-Ahx-SDKP-acid</p>

<p>Protease activated receptors (PARs) are a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) widely expressed in inflammatory cells. PARs are cleaved by certain serine proteases to expose a tethered ligand domain, this ligand domain then binds to and activates the receptors to initiate multiple signalling cascades. These PAR-activating proteases therefore represent PAR agonists. This PAR-3 agonist peptide represents the sequence of the 'tethered ligand' and is therefore capable of activating the receptor independently of N-terminal proteolysis.PAR-3 is required for intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression in endothelial cells and PAR-3 cooperates with PAR-1 to mediate the effect of thrombin on cytokine production and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM- 1) expression.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1 - 20) is derived from Histone 3 (H3), which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Like the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing many lysine and arginine residues, they have a positive net charge which interacts electrostatically with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone-modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Histone tails can undergo multiple modifications, including acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation and sumoylation.  The purpose of the modifications is believed to alter chromatin function/structure.  Histone H3 (1 - 20), with no modifications, is a valuable peptide in the study of epigenetics. It can aid in understanding interaction with histone effectors and the histone tail using crystallisation and pull-down assays on affinity matrices. Histone H3 (1 - 20)  is labelled with the Aurora Fluor 647 fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>KLHY-[AMC]</p>

<p>Macropin-1 (MAC-1) is an anti-microbial peptide (AMP) isolated from venom of the solitary bee Macropis fulvipes (Hymenoptera: Melittidae). MAC-1 has activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including drug-resistant strains. MAC-1 can inhibit biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and also exhibits anti-fungal activity. MAC-1 has little to no haemolytic activity against human cells at microbiologically effective concentrations.Macropin acts by first binding to negatively charged bacterial membrane components- such as peptidoglycan (PTG) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Macropin then kills the bacteria by disrupting the outer bacterial membrane and depolarising the cytoplasmic membrane to cause cell penetration.</p>

<p>Neuromedin U (NmU) is a neuropeptide expressed in various organs including the brain, gut, bone marrow and lungs. NmU has a wide range of roles in physiology including: decreasing appetite and body weight and increasing gross locomotor activity, heat production, oxygen consumption, uterine smooth muscle contraction, body temperature, and bone mass. It is also involved in regulating circadian rhythm, stress response and blood flow and ion transport in the gut. NmU can also stimulate cytokine production and promote mast cell-mediated inflammation and is important during the early proliferative stages of erythroid development. NmU has been shown to be a c-Myb target gene and NmU in turn activates protein kinase C-βII, a factor associated with hematopoietic differentiation-proliferation.Two related G protein-coupled receptors have been identified as NmU receptors: NMU-R1: expressed in various tissues, including the small intestine and lung, and NMU-R2: predominantly expressed in the hypothalamus and the small intestine. Activation of these receptors via NmU binding mobilises intracellular Ca2+ stores and downstream signalling.</p>

<p>MP196, a RW-rich peptide, displays antibacterial properties through preventing bacterial cell wall synthesis and cellular respiration. Due to it lacking hemolytic and cytotoxic qualities, MP196 can be used to synthesis antibiotics and aid in the global problem of antibiotic resistance.</p>

<p>LL-37 is a member of the large cationic family of anti-microbial peptides called cathelicidins which have broad-spectrum anti-microbial activity and are expressed in many species. The only cathelicidin found in humans is LL-37, this is produced in epithelial cells, by proteolytic cleavage from the C-terminal of the hCAP-18 protein. LL-37 can be processed into different forms of anti-microbial peptides. As well as its anti-microbial properties LL-37 also regulates many aspects of the innate immune system and overexpression of LL-37 has been linked to autoimmune diseases such as asthma and psoriasis, making LL-37 the most studied form of the human cathelicidin peptides.More recently, studies have shown that LL-37 binds to SARS-CoV-2 S protein and inhibits binding to its receptor hACE2, which may inhibit viral entry into the cell. LL-37 is upregulated by vitamin D, therefore this may be one mode of action for the positive outcomes seen with vitamin D treatment for Covid-19.</p>

<p>Portion of EBV BZLF-1</p>

<p>Histone H3 (20-39)-Biotin is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Another modification process histones can undergo is biotinylation where the covalent attachment of a biotin molecule is catalysed by the enzyme Biotinidase. This cleaves biocytin to generate a biotinyl-thiester intermediate. The biotinyl can then be transferred onto the histone lysine ɛ-amino group which is covalently attached to Histone 3. Overall the biotinylation sites identified in histone 3 are: K4, K9 and K18. The presence of biotinylated histones have been detected in human cells such as lymphocytes and lymphomas.</p>

<p>Kemptide is a synthetic substrate of the PKA catalytically active subunit (PKAc), and can bind along with ATP to PKAc. It contains 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Sal-like4 (SALL4) derived peptide able to antagonise the SALL4-NuRD complex in hepatocellular carcinoma, turning SALL4 from a dual transcription repressor-activator to a singular transcription activator. Displays antitumour effects in xenograft mouse models.</p>

<p>TAT-TRPV1 (736-745) is a cell-permeable TRPV1 fragment (capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor 1), that can inhibit the interaction of TRPV1 and A-kinase anchoring protein 79 (AKAP79). TAT- TRPV1 (736-745) consists of amino acids 736-749 from the TRPV1 C-terminal domain, combined with amino acids 47-57 of TAT to promote uptake across neuronal cell membranes. TAT-TRPV1 (736-745) inhibits both the first and the second phase of pain behaviour in the formalin test, implying an effect on both acute and inflammatory pain.A-kinase anchoring protein 79 (AKAP79) is a protein that targets kinases to TRPV1. Inflammation causes hyperalgesia but can be reduced when TRPV1 is blocked. a key region on AKAP79, amino acids 326-336, is responsible for its interaction with TRPV1. TAT-TRPV1 (736-745) promotes uptake across the cell membrane and TRPV1 (736-745)  inhibited inflammatory hyperalgesia in mice. TAT-TRPV1 (736-745) did not affect pain thresholds in the absence of inflammation. These results suggest that antagonizing the TRPV1-AKAP79 interaction will be a useful strategy for inhibiting inflammatory hyperalgesia and TAT is an effective delivery system.</p>

<p>N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ligand-gated ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate excitatory synaptic transmission and play important roles in many aspects of nervous system function including: synaptic plasticity- learning and memory- neuronal development and circuit formation. NMDARs have been implicated in various neuronal disorders. NMDARs are heteromers consisting of an obligate NR1 subunit and most commonly one or two kinds of NR2 subunits or occasionally NR3 subunits. NR2B is the predominant subunit found in the postnatal brain, however over time the number of NRA2 subunits increase and eventually outnumber NR2B subunits in a process known as the NR2B-NR2A developmental switch. The greater ratios of the NR2B subunit in post-natal brains leads to NMDA receptors which remain open longer compared to those with more NR2A subunits, this may be related to the greater memory abilities in the immediate postnatal period compared to late in life. NR2B improves synaptic plasticity and memory when over-expressed in neurones. The involvement of NMDAR in the central nervous system (CNS) has become a focus area for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy and ischemic neuronal cell death.The TAT peptide is present due to its properties as a cell penetrating cationic peptide (CPP). It derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As a CPP, TAT is able facilitate the delivery of NR2B (C-ter) across the plasma membrane.</p>

<p>The hormone Calcitonin, reduces the amount of serum calcium during hypercalcemia and is released from the C-cells of the thyroid gland. Within its structure it contains a disulphide bridge between cysteine 1 and 7 and a proline at its carboxy terminal.Calcitonin is used therapeutically in the treatment of hypercalcemia diseases such as Paget disease, Sudeck atrophy, bone metastases and vitamin-D intoxication.The level of calcitonin in the plasma can also be used as a marker for medullary thyroid carcinoma, while procalcitonin is used to diagnose sepsis.</p>

<p>ANP (human) is derived from the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which is a cardiac hormone involved in maintaining cardio-renal homeostasis. This occurs through the activation of the guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptor, resulting in the increased concentration of cyclic guanylate monophosphate. Moreover its function in the processes of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis allow it to take part in cardiovascular remodelling.ANP is a member of the natriuretic peptide family and it is encoded by the NPPA gene, located on chromosome 1. Once synthesized from the 151 amino acid pre-prohormone into its biologically active form, ANP is secreted by the atrial cardiomyocytes in the circulating forms: ANP (1-98) and ANP (99-126). This synthesis process involves the signal peptide being removed from the pre-prohormone resulting in pro-ANP (1-126) which is converted into the circulating forms by the type II transmembrane serine protease Corin.At the N-terminus Azhx, 6-azidohexanoic acid, is present.</p>

<p>protein transduction domain PTD-5 is a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). PTD-5 is well characterised for its ability to carry conjugates into the cell with high efficiency and induce low toxicity. Several papers have demonstrated the efficacy of PTD-5 as a CPP- PTD-5 was also conjugated to KLA to produce a pro-apoptotic peptide named DP1 which is selective for mitochondrial and bacterial membranes.PTD-5 is labelled at the N-terminus with an alkyne attachment for ease of reaction with an opposite Click reactive partner (azide). Azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular Click reaction. Alkyne-PTD-5 allows various applications, particularly for protein conjugation, modification, and drug delivery.</p>

<p>Polybia-MPI is a short cationic alpha-helical amphiphilic anti-microbial peptide which was first isolated from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista. Polybia-MPI displays potent anti-bacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is able to disrupt biofilms. Polybia-MPI also has anti-fungal activity against C. albicans and C. galbrata and selective toxicity toward cancer cells. Polybia-MPI has low toxicity to normal fibroblasts and human red blood cells, showing no haemolytic activity.</p>

<p>εV1-2 is a selective inhibitor of ε protein kinase C.ε protein kinase C is an isoymes of the protein kinase C family, which is a family involved in controlling the function of other proteins via phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues.In vitro studies have shown εV1-2 to exhibit inhibitory properties on endothelial cell proliferation.</p>

<p>Thrombin is the main effector of the coagulation cascade- it is a serine protease. Thrombin binds to active protease activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) which belongs to a subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR). However, thrombin generated during cardiopulmonary bypass can activate PAR-1 leading to platelet dysfunction and unwanted bleeding. FLLRN is found to be a potent PAR-1 antagonist. Use of FLLRN and variants has aided the study of platelet aggregation dynamics. Further study may provide a suitable clinical application.</p>

<p>Jelleines are a family of very small (8-9 amino acid residues long) host defence peptides (HDPs) isolated from the royal jelly of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Jelleines do not present any similarity with other HDPs from other honeybees and are produced by the workers and secreted into Royal Jelly and provide abroad-spectrum protection of the bee hive against microbial infections. The Jelleines are not considered cytolytic or directly involved with inflammatory effects.PLEASE NOTE that in several published articles the sequence of Jelleine-3 has been printed as TPFKISLH -NH2, due to a mistake in the original reference: Fontana et al., (2004). The correct sequence, is TPFKISIH -NH2.</p>

<p>Portion of EBV RTA</p>

<p>GGG-C(AF647) C-Terminal Sortagging</p>

<p>FRET peptide substrate for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus main protease (SARS-CoV Mpro). The substrate sequence is derived from residues P4-P5' of the SARS-CoV Mpro N-terminal autoprocessing site which has the sequence AVLQSGFRK. SARS-CoV Mpro is a key antiviral target.This peptide contains an N-terminal 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag and the Dabcyl fluorescence quencher. When the peptide is intact, fluorescence is undetectable due to the proximity of the Dabcyl quencher to the 5-FAM fluorophore. However upon cleavage of the peptide by SARS-CoV Mpro, the 5-FAM group and the Dabcyl quencher are separated and fluorescence can be detected. This therefore represents a useful tool for investigating SARS-CoV Mpro activity.</p>

<p>Antagonist peptide of VEGF-A and VEGF-B reproducing two binding regions of VEGF-B (loop 1 and loop3) linked together by a receptor binding region of VEGF-A (loop3). Binds to both VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 and inhibits VEGF-A driven proliferation, migration and tube formation in HUVECs. It contains 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 is derived from Histone 3 (H3), which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Like the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing many lysine and arginine residues, they have a positive net charge which interacts electrostatically with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone-modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Histone tails can undergo multiple modifications, including acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation and sumoylation.  The modification pattern is believed to alter chromatin function/structure.  Lysine 4 of histone H3 (1 - 20) K4Me3 has been tri-methylated, lysine 9 has been acetylated, and serine 10 has been phosphorylated and labelled with Biotin. This peptide can be used to study the function of this pattern on chromatin availability and histone effectors via crystallisation, pull-down assays and protein blots.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is present on the outside of the virus particles and can bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) present on the host cells. The C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein binds to the N-terminal peptidase M2 domain of ACE2. This receptor binding results in the internalisation of the virus-receptor complex and is, therefore the mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.The spike protein residues VFAQVKQIYKTPPIK (781-795) from C have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Lasioglossin-III (Lasio-III) is a naturally-occurring salt-resistant anti-microbial peptide (AMP) found in-Lasioglossum laticeps-(broad-faced furrow bee). Lasioglossin-III has broad spectrum anti-microbial activity and anti-biofilm properties against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria, including strong anti-microbial activity against-E. coli,-S. aureus, and-P aeruginosa-under physiological salt concentration, with low toxicity.AMPs form an important part of the innate immune system in plants, animals and insects-and are reported to be effective even against several antibiotic resistant strains due to differing modes of pathogen killing from those of conventional antibiotics. Lasio-III has a membranolytic mode of action. It can bind both the outer and inner membranes of bacteria. Lasio-III possesses a fast killing ability toward both Gram positive and negative bacteria compared to many other active AMPs.</p>

<p>The RGD motif has been found in wide range of eukaryotic proteins allowing cell adhesion to the ECM. The tripeptide RGD is the primary domain to bind integrin found in extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins including fibronectin, fibrinogen and osteopontin. It has been shown to effectively adhere various cell types to a wide range of biomaterials. This is a key research tool in the flourishing area of tissue engineering and wound healing using synthetic peptides that are either inert or can be potentially beneficial. RGD is a suitable ligand for targeting nanomolecules and cancer drugs to specific tissues due to its biocompatibility and safety.This RGD peptide is supplied with an Aurora Fluor 647 fluorophore attached and produced to research grade quality. Aurora Fluor 647 excitation suited to 594nm and emission peaked at 671nm. The Molecular Probes Alexa Fluor dyes provide a number of benefits including: more intense fluorescence than other spectrally similar conjugates better photostability, allowing more time for image capture availability of conjugates in an array of distinct fluorescent colours from blue to infrared- and pH insensitivity that enables the dyes to remain highly fluorescent over a broad pH range and high water solubility.</p>

<p>Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are highly conserved and stress inducible. Hsp70 has been found in tumour cell lines to be highly expressed with a higher plasma membrane localisation. This is correlated to the cell sensitivity to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis. Investigation identified that Hsp70 N-terminal extended peptide TKD (450-463) was critical for this to occur. TKD (450-463) with low dose interleukin (IL-2) has the same capacity to induce NK cell proliferation and activity as the full-length protein Hsp70. Excess of Hsp70 and TKD (450-463) both inhibit cytolytic activity by NK cells. Other related sequences tested did not lead to NK cell-mediated lysis. Further study with the TKD (450-463) epitope could elucidate how NK cells are activated by Hsp70s as the mechanism remains unclear.</p>

<p>Pantinin-2, like other pantinin peptides, has high activity against Gram-positive bacteria yet weak activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Pantinin-2 also displays activity against Candida tropicalis and has relatively mild haemolytic activity against human red blood cells.</p>

<p>Segment 7-38 of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH, also known as corticotropin, is a cleavage product from a larger precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). This 39 amino acid-peptide hormone is produced in the anterior pituitary gland upon stimulation by the corticotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus in response to stress. It stimulates the secretion of steroid hormone, specifically glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex by acting through a cell membrane receptor (ACTH-R). In mammals, the action of ACTH is limited to those areas of the adrenal cortex in which the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol (hydrocortisone) and corticosterone are formed. ACTH has little control over the secretion of aldosterone, the other major steroid hormone from the adrenal cortex.</p>

<p>Biotin-PEG2-Claudin-9 is derived from the tight junction protein Claudin-9 which is encoded by the CLDN6 gene and can be found within epithelial cell to cell contacts. Structurally, the Claudin family, of which Claudin-9 is a member, are transmembrane proteins containing two extracellular loops and are involved in maintaining cell polarity and controlling paracellular ion flux.Reduction in the number of Claudins has been associated with tumour formation. This may be due to Claudin role in maintaining cell detachment and migration.Claudin-9 has been shown to be overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and has the ability to increase the metastasis of hepatocytes. It further influences the activation of the Stat3 signalling pathway through tyrosine kinase 2. Overall CLDN9 demonstrates itself to be a HCC proto-oncogene.This peptide has a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification and contains a polyethylene glycol spacer (PEG2).</p>

<p>Fluorogenic substrate peptide to assay trypsin-like activity. In its intact state this peptide is non-fluorescent, however when aminomethylcoumarin (AMC) is released upon hydrolysation, fluorescence can be detected. This peptide is therefore a useful tool for analysing trypsin-like enzyme activity.AMC is a fluorescent dye with excitation maxima at around 360 nm and emission maxima at around 450 nm. AMC can be excited with a mercury lamp and observed using a UV filter set.</p>

<p>Recombinant human interferon-β (IFNB) is a therapeutic for certain stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, a significant portion of patients develop neutralising antibodies within 2 years and prevent clinical efficacy of the treatment, this was correlated to a specific rise in IgG. Sequencing of IFNB1 revealed a CD4+ T cell epitope residues (118-132) that contains critical T cell activation residues. The identification of this sequences can now allow it to be manipulated to hopefully provide new interferon treatments that reduces the capacity for induction of neutralising antibodies in MS patients. The IFNB1 (118-132) epitope can be used for immunological investigations such as T cell activation, antibody recognition via immunoassays and immunohistochemistry. This may provide further insights into certain haplotypes correlating to IFNB responses in MS treatment.</p>

<p>Tetanus Toxin P2 (830 - 844) is a protein that is derived from the single-chain polypeptide neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani. The neurotoxins produced by Clostridium tetani are among the most potent molecules known to humankind. Once in the body, the toxin binds to the basal lamina at the neuromuscular junction. From here, the toxin is transported to inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord, where it prevents the release of neurotransmitters, which causes spastic paralysis.The P2 protein has antigenic properties that are reflective of the neurotoxin released by Clostridium tetani. Therefore, P2 is a suitable epitopes for CD4+ T cells and can be used to stimulate the release of IFNg, which is a cytokine that promotes macrophage activity and coordinates lymphocyte endothelium interactions.</p>

<p>[5-FAM]-TAT (47-57) is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Specifically TAT (47-57) is located within the arginine-rich basic domain 48-60 of the TAT peptide which as a whole has three domains which function to aid HIV through transactivation, DNA binding and nuclear transport. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. This property has been demonstrated through its ability of allowing toxins such as the neurotoxin Botulinum neurotoxin Type A, produced by the Clostridium botulinum type A bacteria to penetrate the skin barrier non-invasively. Additionally TAT (47-57) can be used to deliver proteins, fluorophores, chelators and DNA to target cells.It contains 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Type I diabetes is an autoimmune condition caused by the destruction of insulin-producing β cells. The initiation mechanism is unclear but involves activating autoreactive T cells against the β-cell-specific antigen, insulin.RIP-B7.1 mice express CD80 on pancreatic β cells and are a model for studying de novo induction of diabetogenic CD8 T cells. Immunization of RIP-B7.1 mice with preproinsulin (ppins)-encoding plasmid DNA induces experimental autoimmune diabetes (EAD). EAD is associated with significant induction of CD8 T cells specific for the (A12-21) restricted epitope leading to the destruction of β cells.The Insulin A Chain (A12-21) epitope is recognised by pancreas-infiltrating CD8 T cells isolated from immunized, diabetic RIP-B7.1 mice as shown by flow cytometry. The Insulin A Chain (A12-21) epitope can also be used to stimulate inducible IFN- expression of ppins-primed CD8 T cells ex vivo as determined by flow cytometry. GFP fusion has shown the expression of insulin A chain (A12-21) epitope in HeLa cells.</p>

<p>Locustatachykinin I(LTK1 or Lom-TK-I) is a potent, rapid and persistent secretion stimulator in locust Malphigian tubules which controls primary urine production, tubule writhing and local sphincter functions.- LTK1 shares sequence homology with mammalian tachykinins such as substance P.- Two putative tachykinin receptors, Drosophila tachykinin-receptor (DTKR) and neurokinin receptor from Drosophila (NK0) have been identified.</p>

<p>Ganglioside GM1-binding peptides p3.</p>

<p>This peptide constitutes the acetylated N-terminal region of murine myelin basic protein (MBP) and displays high affinity for major histocompatibility complexes (MHC). This high MHC affinity is due to substitution of the native lysine at position 4 for a tyrosine. Substitution increases the MHC binding affinity of the peptide by around 1 million fold, therefore creating a superagonist ligand. MBP is an integral component of myelin found in the central nervous system (CNS) vital for the development and stability of the myelin sheath where it plays a role in membrane adhesion. MBP may be targeted by auto-antibodies in diseases such as multiple sclerosis. The low affinity of the native lysine containing MBP 1-9 peptide for MCH class II may result in MBP auto-reactive T cells escaping central-tolerance where self reactive T cells are usually eliminated. MBPs constitute an extraordinarily varied collection of splice isoforms which show a myriad of post-translational modifications.</p>

<p>YSA binds to the extracellular domain of ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) with high affinity and selectivity. YSA binding activates EphA2 and its tumour suppressing downstream signalling pathways (including inhibition of the PI3K/Akt and ERK pathways), and promotes receptor internalisation.EphA2 is highly expressed in many types of solid tumour, and the level of EphA2 expression is positively correlated with malignancy and poor prognosis in some cancer types.YSA has been shown to be an effective targeting peptide of chemotherapeutic drugs to EphA2 expressing tumours. YSA-drug conjugates are able to selectively target EphA2 expressing tumours, both activating tumour supressing downstream signalling pathways, and becoming effectively internalised by cancer cells to further increase the potency of the chemotherapeutic drug. YSA-drug conjugates have been shown to be dramatically more effective at inhibiting tumour growth than chemotherapy alone. Selective tumour targeting with YSA could also reduce the systemic toxicity caused by nonselective and highly toxic chemotherapy agents, and thus reduce adverse side effects of chemotherapy.</p>

<p>Portion of Influenza NP</p>

<p>Peptide derived from the ubiquitin-activating enzyme 3 (UBA3), the catalytic subunit of the NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE).</p>

<p>Angiotensin II (Ang-II) is a key signalling peptide of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) which is involved in regulating blood pressure, cardiovascular function and energy balance. RAS activity is elevated in obesity and is widely studied in relation to lifestyle-related diseases.Ang-II is produced from angiotensinogen (AGT) via the intermediate angiotensin I (Ang-I). AGT is cleaved by the aspartyl-protease, renin, to produce Ang-I, which is then cleaved by the dicarboxyl-peptidase angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). ACE removes a histidine and a leucine from the C-terminus of Ang-I to form Ang-II.Ang-II exerts its affect by binding to the G-protein-coupled receptors- Ang II type 1 (AT1) and Ang II type 2 (AT2) receptors. Ang-II plays central roles in glucose metabolism and blood pressure. Increased levels of Ang-II have also been associated with Alzheimer's disease, and certain cancers including oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), brain cancers and breast cancers. The effects of Ang-II appear to be supressed by another branch of the RAS- the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas pathway.</p>

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. Also known as the nucleocapsid protein, it is an abundant RNA-binding protein critical for viral genome packaging. These factors make nucleoprotein a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the nucleoprotein sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. Nucleoprotein (261-275) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Steroid Receptor Coactivator - 1 (676-700).</p>

<p>An immuno-receptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) is a phosphorylation site consisting of a conserved sequence of four amino acids that is repeated twice in the cytoplasmic tails of cell-surface non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors. ITAMs are involved activation of immune cells. The motif has the following structure: YxxL/I. where xx are any two amino acids. Two of these motifs are typically separated by between 6 and 8 amino acids in the cytoplasmic tail of the molecule (YxxL/Ix(6-8)YxxL/I). ITAMs are found in the CD3 and θ¶-chains of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex. TCR is a multi-subunit receptor on the surface of T cells which contains two ligand binding chains containing 20 phosphorylation sites, distributed on 10 ITAMs. The TCR θ¶-chain is a homodimer subunit that contains six ITAMs (12 sites). These sites are phosphorylated by the membrane-anchored Src family tyrosine kinase Lck and Fyn and are dephosphorylated by the transmembrane phosphatases CD148 and CD45. When both tyrosines in an ITAM are phosphorylated they generate docking sites for the tandem SH2 domains of the cytosolic tyrosine kinase ZAP-70. Bound ZAP-70 can phosphorylate tyrosines on other substrates that initiate the signal transduction that leads to T cell activation. The multiple ITAMs on the TCR function mainly to amplify subsequent signalling.T cells rely on the TCR to recognize antigens, in the form of peptides bound to major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), on the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells. Binding of TCR to antigen-MCH complexes leads to proliferation, differentiation, and the secretion of effector cytokines, contributing to the elimination of infections.</p>

<p>Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus strains produce N-formylmethionyl containing peptides. Peptides starting with an N-formylated methionyl group constitute a unique hallmark of bacterial as well as mitochondrial metabolism, and professional phagocytes of our innate immune system recognise this microbial/mitochondrial pattern as a danger signal that guides innate immune cells.All PSMα peptides have the same basic functions and promote virulence through effects on discrete neutrophil functions (i.e. chemotaxis) and by being cytotoxic at higher concentrations. PSMα2 and PSMα3 can both bind to FPR2 and trigger superoxide release in neutrophils at low nanomolar concentrations. In addition, at high nanomolar concentrations they display cytotoxicity selectively on apoptotic neutrophil membranes and this occurs in an FPR2 independent manner.</p>

<p>Protein kinases are important drug targets for numerous diseases to try and better evaluate the enzyme specificity, affinity, mode of action and identify possible inhibitors. In vitro assays and synthetic substrates provide valuable data about human kinase activity. CREBtide KRREILSRRPSYR is based on the phosphorylation sequence in d-CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) it is a substrate for protein kinase A (PKA)(Km = 3.9 mM). However, it has also been tested as a substrate for other protein kinases, including cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAK) and protein kinase C (PKC). Immunoblots and autoradiography have been used for CREBtide KRREILSRRPSYR in vitro kinase analysis.</p>

<p>TAT 2-4 is derived from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transactivator of transcription (TAT) residues 47-58. TAT (47-58) is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. TAT 2-4 are residues (47-58) of HIV TAT protein repeated back to back, this dimer of TAT sequences has been shown to be the most efficient oligomer for cell penetration. This TAT dimer has been used in previous studies to deliver a wide variety of cargoes including fluorophores, chelators and DNA to target cells.</p>

<p>The full Rev is vital in aiding transport of unspliced viral mRNA from the nucleus. Within Rev there are 3 main functional regions - the arginine rich motif (ARM), the oligomerization domain (OD), and nuclear export sequence (NES). The peptide sequence 34-50 aligns to the ARM motif which binds the Rev Response Element (RRE) in RNA to form a complex which ultimately leads to nuclear export. ARM is able to recognise a wide range of RNA sequence to and still bind to form a Rev dimer. The Rev ARM sequence has also been shown to work as a nuclear localisation sequence that can penetrate cells. In research, Rev ARM has been utilised as a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) for its ability to bind RNA due to the arginine residues presenting multiple sides for binding and thus deliver macromolecules into the cell.</p>

<p>Novel cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). M918 was derived from the tumour suppressor protein p14ARF and can be utilized for both covalent and non-covalent delivery of macromolecules in animal and plant cells. CPPs are able to cross the cell membrane at low micromolar concentrations without causing significant membrane damage in vivo and in vitro.This cationic CPP Peptide is labelled with an N-terminal 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Substrate of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family known as ErbBs or HER receptors. These receptors are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, differentiation and migration. However their dysregulation can contribute towards many diseases such as cancer.Binding to the ligand binding domain of the EGFR causes receptor dimerization. This is sequentially followed by the tyrosine kinase domain being activated and the tyrosines on the C-terminal tail become phosphorylated, which in turn activates downstream signalling pathways.</p>

<p>This C-terminal Sortagging peptide acts as a (oligo)glycine nucleophile in the final steps of a sortagging protein labelling reaction. This reaction results in the (Sulfocyanine7) fluorescent moiety being attached to the C-terminus of the target protein or peptide.A substrate peptide containing the LPXTG motif is recognised and cleaved by the enzyme Sortase A (SrtA) from Staphylococcus aureus. The catalytic cysteine residue in the active site of SrtA, serves as a nucleophile to cleave the peptide bond between threonine and glycine of the substrate peptide. Cleavage results in the formation of a thioacyl intermediate between the substrate peptide and SrtA. This intermediate is then resolved by the N-terminus of this (oligo)glycine nucleophile peptide, resulting in the creation of a new peptide bond that links the substrate peptide to this peptide and its fluorescent dye.  This method of protein labelling is known as sortagging.This peptide contains Sulfocyanine7, which is a NIR (near infrared) emitting fluorescent dye.</p>

<p>Melanoma-associated antigen As (MAGEA) are a large family of tumour-associated antigens and a subclass of the larger family of cancer testis antigens (CTAs). These proteins are tumour antigens expressed in a variety of malignant tumours including: bladder- lung- skin and breast malignancies. In healthy tissue however their expression is restricted to germ cells of the testis, nervous system, foetal ovaries and placenta. In cancer cells, the MAGEA family proteins support growth, survival and metastasis, and contribute actively to malignancy. They are also involved in the regulation of the tumour suppressor protein p53 pathway and in regulating ubiquitin signalling in cancer cells. MAGEA expression is linked to poor prognosis in cancer patients. MAGEA subfamily proteins are recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and evoke a strong T cell reactivity against autologous tumour cells in culture.</p>

<p>123B9.</p>

<p>Cathelicidin-related anti-microbial peptide (CRAMP), is the mouse homologue of the human LL-37 antimicrobial peptide and shares 67% sequence identity with LL-37.CRAMP-18 is the anti-bacterial sequence derived from CRAMP, it possesses potent anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains with no haemolytic activity. As well as displaying direct anti-microbial activity, CRAMP-18 also binds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to neutralise LPS activity.CRAMP is a cationic peptide, encoded for by the Camp gene and is highly expressed in bone marrow. Its expression is up-regulated by infectious and inflammatory signals and it is secreted by cells such as neutrophils, epithelial cells, and macrophages.</p>

<p>PD-1 inhibitors and PD-L1 inhibitors are a group of checkpoint inhibitors being developed for the treatment of cancer.PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are critical in regulating T cell activation, tolerance and immunopathology. PD-1 is an immune checkpoint and guards against autoimmunity through two mechanisms. First, it promotes apoptosis of antigen-specific T-cells in lymph nodes. Second, it reduces apoptosis in regulatory T cells. Several types of cancer cells overexpress PD-L1 in order to escape from the PD-1/PD-L1 immunosurveillance mechanism. In this way, Human PD - L1 inhibitor V could be used in the treatment of cancers that overexpress PD-L1.</p>

<p>Peptide derived from the variable region on the heavy chain of immunoglobulin (Ig) which is part of the fragment antigen binding (Fab) fragment of antibodies. Ig or antibodies are made up of two heavy and two light chains both of which have a constant region and a variable region. The variable region, the antigen binding site, is composed of three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) from the variable heavy chain and three CDRs from the variable light chains. The amino acid sequences of the variable region differ between each antibody allowing Ig to bind to specific antigens.The variable regions are encoded by a variety of V, D and J gene segments. During somatic recombination different combinations from the V, D and J varieties can be joined together. Consequently this gives rise to a diverse variable region.The Ig heavy chain can be classed as being either: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD or IgE each of which change the function of the antibody.</p>

<p>Albumin (318-328) Bovine is derived from the globular protein Albumin and is found in the blood plasma of humans (known as Human Serum Albumin, HSA) where it serves to maintain plasma pressure and nutritional balance. Another role it carries out is the transportation of bound molecules through the blood. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), composed of 583 amino acids, is very similar to HSA thus allowing BSA to be used as a successful model and a standard protein in laboratory experiments.Although BSA and HAS share homology in their three domains, I, II and III, BSA contains 2 tryptophan whereas HAS only contains 1 tryptophan residue.In agriculture the presence of the albumin protein has been used to assess the health of cows to ensure that a suitable quality of milk and meat are produced. Moreover it is important to detect bovine albumin in food and pharmaceutical products due to it being an allergenic protein.</p>

<p>T regulatory cell epitopes (Tregitopes) are a set of natural T cell epitopes derived from immunoglobulin G. These peptides are Treg-activating and show some promise in prophylactic and therapeutic studies in type 1 diabetes mellitus: which is associated with effector T cell (Teff) destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-islet cells. In non-diabetics, self-reactive T cells are deleted during thymic development, rendered anergic, or converted into natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) that suppress autoimmune responses.Tregitopes are processed and presented by MHC class II molecules. They can suppress effector T cell responses, and up-regulate Treg-associated cytokines and chemokines. Tregitopes help stimulate 'antigen-specific adaptive tolerance induction' (ASATI) to modulate antigen-specific transplant rejection and to reduce immune responses to allergens in vitro and in vivo. Tregitope 289 is also available in our catalogue.</p>

<p>ANP (1-23) is derived from the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which is a cardiac hormone involved in maintaining cardio-renal homeostasis. This occurs through the activation of the guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptor, resulting in the increased concentration of cyclic guanylate monophosphate. Moreover its function in the processes of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis allow it to take part in cardiovascular remodelling.ANP is a member of the natriuretic peptide family and it is encoded by the NPPA gene, located on chromosome 1. Once synthesized from the 151 amino acid pre-prohormone into its biologically active form, ANP is secreted by the atrial cardiomyocytes in the circulating forms: ANP (1-98) and ANP (99-126). This synthesis process involves the signal peptide being removed from the pre-prohormone resulting in pro-ANP (1-126) which is converted into the circulating forms by the type II transmembrane serine protease Corin.</p>

<p>G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56/ ADGRG1) is a novel and evolutionarily conserved regulator of peripheral nerve development and function, with important implications for human health and disease.During Schwann cell (SC) development, GPR56-dependent RhoA signalling promotes timely radial sorting of axons. In the mature peripheral nervous system (PNS), GPR56 is localised to distinct SC cytoplasmic domains. Here it is required to establish proper myelin thickness, and facilitate organisation of the myelin sheath.</p>

<p>Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been used as a model in rhesus monkeys to understand human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral life cycle and lead towards drug development. HIV specific CD8+ T-cell (cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)) responses are important in the control of viral replication. Inducing a sustained HIV-1 specific CD8+ T-cell response is the target for vaccine development by using conserved HIV-1 epitopes. The HIV gag gene encodes p17 and p24. Capsid protein p24 forms the conical core of the virus that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex. SIV encode a homologous Gag peptide, this allows use of rhesus monkey models to better understand the immune response to SIV/HIV.A CTL recognition epitope of SIV p24 Gag, residues TPYDINQML, activates the immune response. SIV Gag peptides have been used as effective epitopes in immunological assays to assess CTL response. Stimulation of rhesus monkey cells with TPYDINQML epitope triggers CD8+ T lymphocytes to produce soluble factors (β-chemokines) that inhibit SIV replication. Further work may lead towards a HIV vaccine using the Gag epitopes.</p>

<p>Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane glycoprotein found in all prostate tissue- androgen levels negatively regulate its expression. PSMA expression correlates with cancer aggressiveness and represents an independent indicator of poor disease outcomes. PSMA is being explored as a clinical biomarker to allow differentiation of aggressive prostate cancers from other cases using imaging and RT-PCR.The epitope PSMA (35-40) is from the splice isoform PSMA-1. There has been progress in generating PSMA targeting radioligands as a therapy for various cancers. θ and β radiation probes such as 177Lu-PSMA-617 have been developed and shown in trials to be clinically effective treatments against metastatic prostate cancer. Other studies have tested the PSMA targeting radioligands efficacy against triple-negative breast cancer cells. Further work with the PSMA (35-40) epitope could help progress the outlook for these aggressive cancers.</p>

<p>HLA-A*02 is a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allele which is part of the HLA-A group of human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) leukocyte antigens (HLA). HLA-A is a human MHC class I cell surface receptor and is involved in presenting short polypeptides to the immune system. These polypeptides are typically 7-11 amino acids in length and originate from proteins being expressed by the cell. Cytotoxic T cells in the blood "read" the peptide presented by the complex and should only bind to non-self peptides. If binding occurs, a series of events is initiated culminating in cell death via apoptosis. Melanoma-associated antigen 1 (MAGE-A1) is part of a well-characterized group of cancer/testis antigens (CTA) that are encoded as a separate cluster on the X chromosome. MAGE-I antigens are mainly expressed in highly proliferating cells, such as cancer cells and therefore may be ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy. Expression of MAGEs has been reported several types of cancer including: lung- breast- thyroid- colon- stomach- liver and bladder where MAGE-A is considered to be a poor prognostic factor.This peptide corresponds to part of the MAGE-A1 sequence which is presented on the MHC class I antigen HLA-A*02.</p>

<p>Histone H3.3 is a replication-independent histone variant, which replaces canonical histone H3.1/2 outside of S phase. H3.3 is expressed throughout the cell cycle, as well as in quiescent cells and is referred to as the 'replacement histone'. H3.3 is largely deposited in a DNA synthesis-independent fashion by a distinct set of chaperones proteins. H3.3 accumulates in post mitotic cells, such as cerebral cortical neurons and is incorporated at sites of UV damage where it protects against sensitivity to UV light. H3.3 deposition occurs on DNA sequences that are transiently nucleosome-free, such as during transcription and DNA repair, therefore serving as a marker for regions of high transcriptional activity. H3.3 is also enriched in heterochromatic subtelomeric and pericentromeric regions. H3.3 plays important roles in many developmental contexts such as in stem cells, during fertilization and reproduction and during reprogramming of genomes following fertilization or somatic cell nuclear transfer. Mutations in histone H3.3 are common events in certain cancers.</p>

<p>Nef is an accessory protein highly conserved amongst all primate lentiviruses, it is essential for viral replication in vivo- it is expressed by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV-1 and HIV-2. Nef acts as a downregulator of class I human leukocyte antigens (HLA) expression in HIV-infected cells to help circumvent the immune response, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activity. An intact nef gene is critical for high viral loads, linked to development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Certain alleles of HLA have been associated with maintaining a seronegative status such as HLA-A*1101. This nef peptide sequence (75-82) was crystallised within the class I B allele HLA B*3501 suggesting an importance of key residues required for HLA interaction resulting in a nonstandard conformational binding.</p>

<p>The native form of GLP-1 in humans is the GLP-1 (7-36) amide. GLP-1 (7-36) amide is highly unstable (half-life &lt;-2 minutes) due to proteolytic degradation by the serine protease- dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). DPP-IV cleaves the N-terminal histidine and alanine residues from GLP-1 to generate two equipotent forms: GLP-1 (9-37) and GLP-1 (9-36) amide. This degradation mitigates against the therapeutic use of GLP-1 itself, therefore DPP-IV-resistant peptide analogues have been developed and licensed for clinical useThis peptide contains N-terminal 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag</p>

<p>Epitope HLA binding for cytokine, CTL and ELISPOT assays require positive and negative controls if they are available. For SARS-CoV antigens, the HBcAg-derived H-2b-restricted peptide HBcAg (131-140) AYRPPNAPIL from the spike protein sequence is a suitable negative control.</p>

<p>The activation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) is believed to play a role in hyperalgesia, asthma, and hypertension. TRPV1 is important for neuronal pain detection as well as the detection of heat, capsaicin, protons, and the neurotransmitter anandamide.- The scaffold protein AKAP79 targets kinases to phosphorylate TRPV1, however it has been shown that inflammatory intermediates prostaglandin-E2 or bradykinin can activate these kinases creating a route for inflammation to cause hyperalgesia.This product is composed of the TRPV1 interacting residues of AKAP79 reordered into a scrambled sequence and conjugated to the cell penetrating TAT domain at the N-terminus. This product was shown in vivo to have a potent analgesic affect due to interaction with TRPV1 but not affect the pain threshold. This product is a vital tool for research into suitable TRPV1 antagonists.</p>

<p>An inhibitor of E2F1 and 3a transcription, with a D substituted arginine which confers resistance to proteolysis after pre-incubation in serum. Cytotoxic to several malignant cell lines and human prostate and small cell lung cancer xenografts.</p>

<p>Alpha-Casozepine (alpha-CZP) is a tryptic hydrolysate of bovine milk alphas1-casein. The presence of bile salts facilitates alpha-CZP absorption through a Caco2 monolayer. alpha-CZP shows similarities to benzodiazepines with its anxiolytic-like activity but lack the common side effects of habituation or sedation. alpha-CZP binds to the GABAA receptor at the benzodiazepine site.  alpha-CZP binds with a significantly lower affinity than benzodiazepines.Intraperitoneal administration of Alpha-Casozepine (alpha-CZP) to rodents results in anticonvulsant and sleep-protecting effects. Human administration reduces physiological stress symptoms in stressed and control patients. alpha-CZP modulated neuronal activity in brain regions linked to anxiety regulation in mice.</p>

<p>GRGD-acid is a cell adhesive peptide containing the RGD motif. This enables it the ability to increase cell adhesion and rates of cell growth, differentiation and proliferation.When immobilised onto a Poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) surface it has been shown to increase cell adhesion and proliferation in MC3T3-E1 cells. GRGD could therefore be used in dental implants.This peptide contains a C-terminal Alexa Fluor 647 florescent dye. A cysteine residue has been added to the C-terminus for conjugation of the dye via the cysteine thiol moiety. AF647 is a bright, far-red-fluorescent dye with excitation between 594 nm and 633 nm, and is pH-insensitive over a wide molar range.</p>

<p>Dipeptide consisting of one glycine and one serine residue with diverse uses. Primary metabolite and bronsted base, forms a complex with Cu(II) acting as a tridentate ligand.Primary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically essential and are directly involved in an organism's development, growth, or reproduction.</p>

<p>Fluorogenic substrate peptide to assay the caspase-like peptidic activity of the 20S proteasome. In its intact state this peptide is non-fluorescent, however when the Rhodamine fluorophore is released upon hydrolysation, fluorescence can be detected. This peptide is therefore a useful tool for analysing enzyme activity.The presence of the D-proline residue on the C terminal of the rhodamine molecule ensures one directional rhodamine cleavage which simplifies fluorescence studies. Rhodamine 110 is a laser grade fluorescent dye with excitation maxima at 496 nm and emission maxima at 522 nm.</p>

<p>The CMX-8933 peptide is a fragment of the goldfish brain neurotrophic factor ependymin which can increases the enzymatic activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), increase the phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun proteins, and increase cellular levels of c-Jun and c-Fos mRNAs.</p>

<p>Aβ has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.</p>

<p>The rise of antibiotic resistance has led to the search for new drug alternatives. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been identified as a lucrative area for molecule design. The polar fish Pleuronectes americanus expresses polyalanine peptide (pALA) which has been shown to be an AMP against biofilms, and gram-negative bacteria, while not being toxic to mammalian cells. pALA forms an alpha helical conformation that is effective at permeabilising the gram-negative bacteria membrane inducing fatal cell leakage. pALA provides a suitable model for molecule design to hopefully provide new drugs as we enter the post-antibiotic era.</p>

<p>The GHK tripeptide has many attributes which can positively impact human health. GHK can improve tissue repair, exhibit anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties, suppress age related molecules and restore chronic obstructive pulmonary disease fibroblasts.The GHK tripeptide is found in the human plasma and binds copper. It exerts its effects through its ability to up regulate and downregulate 4,000 human genes. Due to its ability to protect and regenerate aspects of human health, GHK-Cu can be used in products for skin and hair.Specifically during skin regeneration GHK-Cu can promote the synthesis of collagen and glycosa-minoglycans, increase the rate of wound healing and the formation of blood vessels.A palmitoyl group is present on the N-terminus.</p>

<p>BNP-32, porcine is an N-terminal six amino acid extended form of BNP and henceforth is designated BNP-32. BNP and BNP-32 are found to be the major forms of BNP family in porcine brain.BNP-32 is a cardiac neurohormone and is secreted from the myoendocrine cells of the ventricles of the heart in response to volume expansion and pressure overload it has natriuretic, vasodilatory and cardiovascular homeostatic effects and suppresses the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.</p>

<p>BAM (8-22), the Bovine adrenal medulla 8-22 peptide is synthesised from proekephalin after it has undergone proteolytic cleavage. It can induce what is known as the 'itching' or 'scratching' response through activating, using an opioid independent mechanism, the G-protein coupled receptor MRGPRX1. This subsequently activates the Gαq/11 pathway and the cation channel TRPA1 histamine independent itch pathways.It is believed that BAM 8-22 can contribute to chronic itching in diseases such as cholestasis-related pruritus, in which patients are commonly diagnosed as having a reduction in bile flow.</p>

<p>Secretoneurin (SN) is a sensory neuropeptide derived from secretogranin-II by cleavage. SN is conserved from sharks to mammals, work with models suggests it has diverse and important roles. Use of mouse models suggests SN binds to secretoneurin G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). SN binding stimulates dopamine release from striatal neurons and monocyte migration. SN potently recruits eosinophils in the lungs. Interestingly, in models SN stimulates pituitary luteinizing hormone release.With an array of actions as diverse as that seen with other sensory neuropeptides, there are also numerous inflammatory conditions linked with SN. As mentioned earlier, SN recruits eosinophils in the lungs and thus is being studied for a role in asthma. Study of autoimmune encephalomyelitis suggests SN may be recruited to the inflammatory lesion on the central nervous system. Further evidence to an inflammatory role, SN levels are downregulated in rheumatoid joints, but the relevance has yet to be established. Significant changes are noted in certain forms of dementia and Alzheimer. Many aspects still require work, but SN has the potential to reveal underlying mechanisms of these inflammatory conditions and new therapies.</p>

<p>Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-2)/epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (ErbB-2), is a key receptor linked to metastasis in tumours. The oncogenic ErbB-2 receptor has intrinsic receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity, the receptor is activated by ligand binding which induces receptor dimerization. These RTK complexes can activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways. This peptide has been identified as a substrate for HER-2/ErbB-2 as it is phosphorylated upon receptor activation and therefore acts as a marker for receptor activation in kinases assays. Contains a covalently attached N-terminal biotin tag for convenient detection and purification.</p>

<p>Portion of EBV EBNA 3A</p>

<p>Biotinylated aMp3 is a Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) specific ligand. MAP can cause Johne disease (the wasting disease) in livestock. It is important therefore to detect the presence of MAP in animal milk and faeces.Biotinylated aMp3 can be used (along with aMptD peptides) to detect the viability of MAP cells in infected livestock through combined peptide-mediated magnetic separation phage display due to their high affinity for MAP. The addition of biotin to aMp3 asparagine residue, changes the orientation of aMp3 so that it can bind to the target bacteria with increased stability, thus achieving a high capture efficiency. A similar effect is observed on the addition of biotin to aMptD glycine residue.</p>

<p>WRVYEKC(Dnp)ALK-acid</p>

<p>[Rhodamine Green]-LifeAct (Abp140 1-17) contains the 17amino acid peptide Lifeact derived from amino acids 1-17 of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae actin binding protein, Abp140. These first 17 amino acids of Abp140 are crucial in allowing Lifeact to localise to actin filaments (F-actin) and therefore it can be used as a cytoskeletal marker. On application, lifeact can be used in the study of plant development and pathogen defence as filamentous actin within the plant actin cytoskeleton is important in key processes such as cell division, membrane trafficking and stomatal movements.The addition of the Rhodamine Green fluorophore, Rhodamine Green allows the location of the LifeAct (Abp140 1-17) to be detected.</p>

<p>TAT contains a protein transduction domain which allows it to enter cells by crossing the cell membrane. The amino acid sequence of the protein transduction domain (PTD) and this property confers cell penetrating peptide properties on TAT and derivatives. TAT peptides have been widely used to deliver functional biomolecules into cells both in vitro and in vivo. The entire protein can be used but in practice it is more efficient to use truncated sequences containing only the basic residues required for transport. Through covalent attachment to TAT derived peptides, cargo molecules including proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, oligonucleotides, enzymes, polymers, plasmid DNA and liposomes can be transported into cells with high efficiency.acfTAT is a fusion of the TAT PTD to a red fluorescent tag (TAMRA) at the carboxy terminal. This peptide is ideal for live cell localisation work using fluorescent microscopy as the TAT PTD can transduce small peptides into the cell efficiently without affecting the cell. Additionally, the fluorescent label is highly stable against photo bleaching and should be easily detectable under various excitation sources including mercury, arc, tungsten, and xenon lamps.</p>

<p>Peptide derived from the HIV transactivator of transcription protein. TAT is a cationic cell-penetrating peptide.</p>

<p>Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) provide a delivery method for molecules across the membrane in an efficient manner without compromising the cell. FBP forms a sheet structure when interacting with a membrane forming a transmembranous pore. FBP, also known as Pβ, is rapidly internalised and localises primarily to the nucleus.FBP is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne-FBP allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification, and peptide design.</p>

<p>Apolipoprotein A-I enables the efflux of fat molecules from within cells as high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles for transport back into LDL particles or to the liver for excretion. HDLs are one of five major groups of lipoproteins.Increasing concentrations of HDL particles are strongly associated with decreasing accumulation of atherosclerosis within the walls of arteries. Apolipoprotein A-I is often used as a biomarker for prediction of cardiovascular diseases, such that low levels of APOA1 are associated with an increased risk of adverse events in patients with coronary artery disease. In such cases, APOA1 can be used as a biomarker to predict cardiovascular disease progression.</p>

<p>Galanin is a widely distributed neuropeptide in the central nervous system, peripheral regions and endocrine system. Galanin has a role in energy homeostasis. Central injections of galanin to the amygdala led to food intake in rats. Galanin also acts in the CNS to inhibit neurotransmitter release, such as acetylcholine. Galanin has been implicated in numerous neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, depression, and epilepsy.Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 which are G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of potassium ions.The galanin active fragment (1-16) has been identified as a highly potent agonist for the galanin receptors.  These have become a basis for galanin-based peptides, which are neuroactive. These are being investigated as a potential source for anticonvulsant neuropeptides as a therapeutic for conditions such as epilepsy. A library of galanin fragments has allowed screening of their properties to be assessed and used to generate chimeric peptides. Galanin fragments have different affinities for GalR receptors- however, the N-terminal (1-16) have been shown to have a conserved affinity for the receptors.The galanin fragment (2-13) provided here have a C-terminal biotin label for easy detection and purification. Cymit Quimica Laboratories Ltd is a custom peptide provider. If you desire an alternate tag, please contact us to request a custom synthesis.</p>

<p>EGFR (963-975)</p>

<p>Histatins are histidine rich cationic peptides produced in salivary glands and released into the saliva and have strong antifungal activity. The main histatins that make up more than 80% of histatins in saliva are histatin-1, histatin-3 and histatin-5. There are two histatins genes, one which encodes histatin-1, and one that encodes histatin-3, all other histatins are derivatives of these two histatins. Histatin-8 is a cleavage product of histatins-3 corresponding to part of its central region.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is present on the outside of the virus particles and can bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) present on the host cells. The C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein binds to the N-terminal peptidase M2 domain of ACE2. This receptor binding results in the internalisation of the virus-receptor complex and is, therefore the mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.The spike protein residues IDRLITGRLQSLQTY (975-989) from C have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Blocks the activity of TGFβ1 in vitro, as measured by its capacity to restore growth of Mv-1-Lu cells in the presence of added TGFβ1. Inhibits TGFβ1-dependent expression of collagen type I mRNA in the liver of mice orally insulted with CCl4.</p>

<p>Protease activated receptors (PARs) are a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) widely expressed in inflammatory cells. PARs are cleaved by certain serine proteases to expose a tethered ligand domain, this ligand domain then binds to and activates the receptors to initiate multiple signalling cascades. These PAR-activating proteases therefore represent PAR agonists. This PAR-2 agonist peptide mimics the sequence of the 'tethered ligand' and is therefore capable of activating the receptor independently of N-terminal proteolysis.SLIGRL-NH2 inhibits the development of airway eosinophilia, hyper-responsiveness and displays bronchodilator activity in allergic mice and also facilitates gastrointestinal transit in mice-in vivo.PAR activation has been linked to inflammation, therefore compounds that mimic or interfere with the PAR-activating processes are attractive therapeutic candidates.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 NSP13 (336-350)</p>

<p>H-STMSIT-OH peptide, corresponding to RNase A 77-82 (Chain A of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease) has been published to have amyloidogenic properties, and under certain conditions H-STMSIT-OH hexapeptide forms amyloid fibrils. Please also see CRB1001321, which you can use as a negative control in amyloid formation experiments.</p>

<p>Myocarditis is an inflammatory heart disease often associated with a previous viral infection. Evidence has suggested that myocarditis may be due to autoimmune responses directed against cardiac tissue. The inflammatory immune response caused after infection may break tolerance by mechanisms of molecular mimicry, bystander activation, and loss of immune regulation. Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) is a model of inflammatory heart disease generated by immunizing susceptible rats or mice with cardiac myosin or its myocarditic epitopes. In the EAM model, cellular infiltrates consist primarily of T cells and macrophages, and T lymphocytes responsive to cardiac myosin can transfer disease. Cardiac myosin is a large peptide, which is composed of two H chains and two pairs of L chains. Proteolysis of myosin yields three subfragments including a globular head or subfragment 1 (S1) region, an alpha helical coiled coil rod comprised of subfragment 2 (S2), and light meromyosin (LMM). In the Lewis rat, the S2 subfragment has been shown to produce the most severe myocarditis.</p>

<p>The gp91 ds-TAT peptide is composed of a gp91phox sequence conjugated to the human immunodeficiency virus-TAT peptide. The TAT sequence facilitates its entry into all cells, hence it is a cell-penetrating peptide. The gp91 peptide is the haem binding sub-unit of the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase. As a result, the gp91 ds-TAT peptide can be used as a selective inhibitor of NADPH oxidase assembly.Recent studies have shown that gp91 ds-TAT can increase blood nitric oxide bioavailability in hind limb ischaemia and reperfusion by inhibiting NADPH oxidase.</p>

<p>PMX 53 is a potent antagonist of CD88, a G protein-coupled receptor for C5a (complement protein). C5a is a protein fragment released from cleavage of complement component C5 by protease C5-convertase into C5a and C5b fragments. C5a, the other cleavage product of C5, acts as a highly inflammatory peptide, encouraging complement activation, formation of the MAC, attraction of innate immune cells, and histamine release involved in allergic responses. The origin of C5 is in the hepatocyte, but its synthesis can also be found in macrophages, where it may cause local increase of C5a. C5a is a chemotactic agent and an anaphylatoxin- it is essential in the innate immunity but it is also linked with the adaptive immunity. The increased production of C5a is connected with a number of inflammatory diseases.By antagonising the C5a receptor, PMX can be used to modulate inflammatory responses, obesity, development and cancers.</p>

<p>Histone 3 (H3) is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.The lysine at position 4 of this peptide has been tri-methylated and it is implicated in studies that this modification may remodel the chromatin so that it is more accessible to transcription factors, which may ultimately increase the level of gene expression. Moreover, the serine at position 10 has been phosphorylated, and studies have suggested that this may induce chromatin condensation, and subsequently repress transcription and gene expression.Histone H3 (1-20) K4Me3, pS10-GG-[Lys(5-FAM)] has a C-terminal GKK linker labelled with 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>ACTH is a member of the melanocortins peptide family, this tropic hormone is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. ACTH is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and is often produced in response to biological stress. ACTH acts to increase the production and release of cortisol via its interaction with ACTHR. Receptor activation increases the intracellular concentration of cAMP via adenylyl cyclase. Abnormal ACTH levels in the body have been linked to primary adrenal insufficiency/Addison's disease, Cushing's disease and secondary adrenal insufficiency.It contains 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is present on the outside of the virus particles and can bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) present on the host cells. The C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein binds to the N-terminal peptidase M2 domain of ACE2. This receptor binding results in the internalisation of the virus-receptor complex and is, therefore the mechanism of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells.The spike protein residues LIDLQELGKY (1197-1206) have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a neurohypophysial hormone that is synthesized in the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The major function of AVP is to regulate extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis via its anti-diuretic action. It is also a vasoconstrictor and pressor agent. AVP is important to the central nervous system (CNS) and also has physiological actions in the peripheral organs, such as the kidney, heart and vascular beds.</p>

<p>Human γHV Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is host-specific, making it challenging to study. Evidence suggests EBV infection provides an enhanced immune response against other future heterologous infections. Murid herpesvirus 4 (MuHV-4) in mice can be used as a model to help understand herpesviruses. The peptide provided here (ORF65131-140) has been used in CTL assays to show that MuHV-4 improves the effector CD8+ T cells response against a heterologous virus. MuHV-4 ORF65131-140 epitope can stimulate interleukin production ex vivo and be detected by tetramer staining to MHC. Further work with MuHV-4 ORF65131-140 could be crucial for understanding the reactivity of the human immune system to other viruses after infection with γHV Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).</p>

<p>This peptide is recognised and cleaved by the enzyme Sortase A (SrtA) from-Staphylococcus aureus. The catalytic cysteine residue in the active site of SrtA, serves as a nucleophile to cleave the peptide bond between threonine and glycine. Cleavage results in the formation of a thioacyl intermediate between the peptide and SrtA. This intermediate is then resolved by the N-terminus of an (oligo)glycine nucleophile, resulting in the creation of a new peptide bond that links the peptide and its biotin tag to the incoming nucleophile.- This method of protein labelling is known as sortagging.This peptide contains an N-terminal biotin tag for detection and purification.</p>

<p>Galanin (1-30) (human) is an endogenous neuropeptide with endocrine, metabolic and behavioural effects. Galanin has a role in intestinal smooth muscle contraction, insulin and somatostatin release, and synaptic neurotransmission.Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin's overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy.Galanin protects against various physiological insults in vitro, including excitotoxicity and β-amyloid toxicity. Changes in galanin have been widely studied concerning Alzheimer's disease, and galaninergic neurons are spared in late-stage Alzheimer's relative to non-galaninergic neurones.Galanin (1-30) has been used as an agonist for the GalR2 receptor in vitro for calcium mobilisation assays to understand the role Galanin/GalR2 play in multiple sclerosis.Galanin (1-30) is provided with an N-terminal 5-TAMRA, a widely used red fluorescent reagent ideal for peptide labelling and detection. The excitation/emission for this reagent is 555 nm/580 nm.</p>

<p>The RGD peptide is a ligand for cell-surface integrin receptors, which are used by most cells to attach to and sense the extracellular environment and to establish a cytoskeleton. RGD peptide can be attached to biologically important molecules, such as nanoparticles, to enable active targeting of drugs or gene delivery. Model substrates presenting immobilised RGD peptide can be used to promote the adhesion and spreading of cells which have been engineered to expresses integrin receptors such as the platelet cell-surface integrin receptor, alphaIIbβ3. Cells growing in these conditions appear to have well developed cytoskeletons suggesting that binding to the integrin receptor mediates biologically relevant adhesion and RGD substrates are able to support cell survival. Peptide is labelled with an N-terminal 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>This 19 amino acid fragment of myelin basic protein (MBP) can induce experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. EAE is the most commonly used experimental model for studying the human inflammatory demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis (MS).MBP is an integral component of myelin found in the central nervous system (CNS). MBP is considered vital for the development and stability of the myelin sheath where it plays a role in membrane adhesion. MPBs constitute an extraordinarily varied collection of splice isoforms which show a myriad of post-translational modifications. MBP may be targeted by auto-antibodies in diseases such as multiple sclerosis. The low affinity of MBP (1-9) peptide for MCH class II molecules may result in MBP autoreactive T cells escaping central-tolerance, where self-reactive T cells are usually eliminated.</p>

<p>This peptide is recognised and cleaved by the enzyme Sortase A (SrtA) from-Staphylococcus aureus. The catalytic cysteine residue in the active site of SrtA, serves as a nucleophile to cleave the peptide bond between threonine and glycine. Cleavage results in the formation of a thioacyl intermediate between the peptide and SrtA. This intermediate is then resolved by the N-terminus of an (oligo)glycine nucleophile, resulting in the creation of a new peptide bond that links the peptide and its biotin tag to the incoming nucleophile.- This method of protein labelling is known as sortagging.This peptide contains an C-terminal biotin tag for detection and purification.</p>

<p>SPA4 is a surfactant protein-A (SP-A)-derived peptide which is an antagonist of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4). SP-A and TLR4 have been identified as important pathogen-pattern recognition receptors (PPRRs). SP-A represents the majority of SPs and plays a key role in fighting pathogens and down-regulating inflammation, whereas TLR4 recognises pathogens and endogenous stress proteins and induces the inflammatory and adaptive immune responses.Over-activation of TLR4 induces inflammatory response via NF-KB and TNF-α cytokine. SPA4 has been shown to bind to TLR4 and inhibit the release of TNF-α in response to the most potent TLR4-ligand: Gram-negative bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), however SPA4 does not interfere with LPS binding to TLR4. The suppression of LPS-TLR4 signalling by SPA4 peptide alleviates inflammatory response.</p>

<p>Fluorescently labelled substrate for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus main protease (SARS-CoV Mpro).- The substrate sequence is derived from residues P4-P5' of the SARS-CoV Mpro-N-terminal autoprocessing site which has the sequence AVLQSGFRK. SARS-CoV Mpro is a key antiviral target.This peptide contains a highly fluorescent N-terminal 7-methoxycoumarin fluorophore (Mca) and a 2,4-dinitrophenyl (Dnp) quencher. Mca is efficiently quenched by resonance energy transfer to the 2,4-dinitrophenyl group when the peptide is intact, however upon cleavage of the peptide by Mpro, the Mca group and the Dnp quencher are separated and fluorescence can be detected. This therefore represents a useful tool for investigating Mpro activity.</p>

<p>IRBP (161-180) derived from the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), present in the interphotoreceptor matrix and is expressed by cone and rod photoreceptors in the eye. IRBP is involved in retinoid delivery and protects retinal cells from oxidative stress.In retinitis pigmentosa patients, IRBP can be subjected to mutations resulting in a non-secreted form of IRBP to be produced. Furthermore IRBP gene mutations have been associated with high myopia and retinal dystrophy.The expression of IRBP is reduced in diabetes patients which may lead to visual cycle misfunction and the photoreceptors can be vulnerable to damage.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (466-480) is an epitope candidate with various predicted HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Venom peptidomes and proteomes have yielded significant novel drug discoveries. The non-disulphide bridge peptides (NDBPs) have become a particular focus due to their large range of structures as well biological activity while retaining high specificity.AcrAP2 was identified as a NDBP in A. crassicauda within highly conserved family of proteins. Data shows it has antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeast while also capable of haemolysing horse erythrocytes. However, AcrAP2 did not affect the growth of cancerous cell lines tested. Therefore, this peptide could be a useful model for modification to improve its potency. Furthermore, it may allow researchers to identify specific targets in disease pathways for new drug designs. A significant example of this, bradykinin-potentiating peptide Captopril® manages hypertension and originated from the conserved NDBP family.</p>

<p>Sal-like4 (SALL4) derived peptide able to antagonise the SALL4-NuRD complex in hepatocellular carcinoma, turning SALL4 from a dual transcription repressor-activator to a singular transcription activator. Displays antitumour effects in xenograft mouse models.</p>

<p>TMPRSS4 (199-207) fluorogenic peptide</p>

<p>Small peptide design has become of interest to catalyse chemical transformations within the cell. The aim is to generate peptides to enhance the hybridization of attached oligonucleotides to complementary DNA sequences. (AAKK)4 is modelled on the surface of staphylococcal nuclease, it a short cationic lysine-rich peptide that can deliver a nucleophile to DNA or RNA. (AAKK)4 peptide can improve DNA-PNA (peptide nucleic acid) hybridisations dramatically as well as increase strand invasion rate. (AAKK)4 peptide is a non-lipid approach for cell penetration which is preferable for certain cell lines due to cytotoxicity issues. (AAKK)4-antisense conjugates have been used to silence gene expression.(AAKK)4 is provided here with a N-terminal alkyne attachment. Two of the most regularly encountered functional groups for click chemistry are azides and alkynes, and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular click reaction. The use of click chemistry with alkyne-(AAKK)4 allows a wide variety of applications particularly for conjugation, modification, and peptide design.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 NSP7 (1-15)</p>

<p>Bradykinins and their associated kinins are inflammatory mediators produced during inflammation. The two main kinins in mammals are the nonapeptide bradykinin, BK (1-9) and the decapeptide kallidin (KD), [Lys0]-BK(1-10). Their biological actions are mediated by two distinct receptors, termed B1 and B2.-BK is involved in several pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, pain, cell proliferation, and tumours. It plays a crucial role in corneal epithelial cells, corneal stromal cells, and fibroblasts.Inflammation has been reported as one significant hallmark of breast cancer in relation to tumour development, metastasis, and invasion. The bradykinin receptor 1 (B1R) associated with kallidin is highly expressed on inflammatory breast tumour cells thus providing a promising targeting site for tumour recognition and sufficient receptor mediated endocytosis.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-21) K9Me2 is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter to change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.The Histone H3 (1-21) lysine 9 has been dimethylated.</p>

<p>Peptide derived from the myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) proteins which are differentially expressed in mammalian skeletal muscles.</p>

<p>[5-FAM]-TAT is a cell penetrating cationic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the Tat protein, which is a trans-activator of the transcription protein present in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Specifically TAT (47-57) is located within the arginine-rich basic domain 48-60 of the TAT peptide which as a whole has three domains which function to aid HIV through transactivation, DNA binding and nuclear transport. As a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT aids in the cellular uptake of molecules and hence serves a valuable purpose in transduction methods. This property has been demonstrated through its ability of allowing toxins such as the neurotoxin Botulinum neurotoxin Type A, produced by the Clostridium botulinum type A bacteria to penetrate the skin barrier non-invasively. Additionally TAT (47-57) can be used to deliver proteins, fluorophores, chelators and DNA to target cells.It contains 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD. Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.</p>

<p>The LDVP peptide (CS1), located in the type III connecting segment (V-region) of fibronectin, exhibits cell binding properties thus contributing to the adhesion of fibronectin to other cells.</p>

<p>Proinsulin connecting peptide (C-peptide), links the A and B chains of proinsulin. Upon enzymatic cleavage of C-peptide from pro-insulin in the pancreas, C-peptide is released into the blood stream along with insulin (A- and B-chains bonded together) in equimolar quantities. C-peptide can influence a wide variety of physiological conditions linked to diabetes, such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and encephalopathy. C-peptide is able to ameliorate and reverse the degrading effects of neuropathy in diabetes.</p>

<p>Acetylated α-synuclein (1-7) amide is derived from the alpha-synuclein intrinsically disordered protein which is found in the neurons and presynaptic terminals. Encoded by the SNCA1/PARK1 gene alpha-synclein is structurally composed of 140 amino acids, making up the three domains: N-terminal membrane binding domain, a hydrophobic non-amyloid-β component domain and a hydrophilic C-terminal domain. Usually alpha-synuclein plays a role in protecting neurons from apoptotic stimuli and is involved in synaptic vesical trafficking.However it has been found that the accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates can lead to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. It is further involved in the fibrilisation of amyloid-b and tau which play a major role in Alzheimer disease. Amyloid fibrils are formed from alpha synuclein monomers within the cytosol and when bound to membranes these monomers can undergo conformational changes to form protofibrils and then ring like oligomers. This can result in the formation of transmembrane pores which disrupts the membrane, calcium homeostasis and signalling.Alpha-synuclein can be subjected to the post-translational modifications of phosphorylation and N-terminal acetylation. When acetylation occurs at the N-terminus of an alpha-synuclein monomer, the intramolecular hydrogen bonds are altered thus reducing the rate of alpha-synuclein aggregation and the strength at which it interacts with the membrane is increased.</p>

<p>Galanin is a widely distributed neuropeptide in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral regions and endocrine system. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. Galanin has a role in energy homeostasis. Central injections of galanin to the amygdala led to food intake in rats. Galanin also acts in the CNS to inhibit neurotransmitter release, such as acetylcholine. Galanin has been implicated in numerous neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, depression, and epilepsy. A better understanding of the galinergic signalling pathways may uncover a source for therapeutics for conditions such as epilepsy.Unlike human galanin, full-length porcine galanin contains only 29 amino acids and is C-terminally amidated. The first 15 residues are still highly conserved.  The best-recognized effect of galanin on the endocrine pancreas is the inhibition of insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo on multiple model systems, including rats, dogs, and mice. However, the same effect cannot be achieved at the same concentrations in human models with infusions of porcine galanin. Structural activity and point mutation studies show that the N-terminal (1-15) fragment is vital for the interaction/activation of the GAL receptor and the inhibition of insulin secretion.</p>

<p>Portion of EBV EBNA 3</p>

<p>Human Papillomavirus (HPV) E7 protein (49-57) immunogenic Human Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitope encoded by human papillomavirus 16 type E7 with very high affinity binding to defined HLA molecule. CEF control peptides are the gold standard for effectively stimulating adaptive immune cells in cytokine assays.</p>