Peptides

<p>Fmoc-Trp(Boc)-Wang resin is a solid phase peptide synthesis resin that can be used to synthesize peptides. It contains an amino acid sequence of Trp-Boc-Wang, which has been shown to inhibit the activity of ion channels. Fmoc-Trp(Boc)-Wang resin is also a useful tool for studying protein interactions and receptor binding. This resin is manufactured by Applied Biosystems, Inc., and is available in 100-200 mesh size. The product comes with a 1% DVB content and purity of &gt;97%.</p>

H-Thr-Phe-Leu-Leu-Arg-NH2 is a peptide that has been shown to reduce the severity of lung inflammation and injury in rats with pulmonary hypertension. It also prevents the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL6). This peptide also induces an antibody response against collagen gel, which is used to treat fibrotic diseases and wounds. The peptide binds to the soybean trypsin inhibitor, preventing it from inhibiting protease enzymes, thereby allowing for protein synthesis. H-Thr-Phe-Leu-Leu-Arg-NH2 has been shown to have antiapoptotic effects by restoring mitochondrial membrane potential in cancer cells. This peptide can be used as a therapeutic agent for various diseases including primary pulmonary hypertension, cancer tissues, and mitochondrial disorders.

<p>H-Glu(Val-OH)-OH is a synthetic form of l-glutamic acid. It increases the activity of glutamyl synthetase, which is an enzyme that regulates the synthesis of glutathione. H-Glu(Val-OH)-OH has been shown to have anticarcinogenic effects in animal studies. This compound also inhibits the synthesis of alpha-tocopherol, which is a molecule that protects against oxidative stress and is essential for maintaining cell membranes. H-Glu(Val-OH)-OH may be useful as a dietary supplement for individuals with low body mass index (BMI) or cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. H-Glu(Val-OH)-OH may be used to treat obesity by increasing energy expenditure and decreasing appetite, although it does not affect glucose levels in mice. The mechanism by which this compound affects obesity is yet unknown, but it may be due to its ability to activate proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα</p>

<p>H-Gly-Ala-AMC monohydrochloride is a chemical that is used as a reaction component or reagent in pharmaceutical and research laboratories. It has been shown to be a useful scaffold for the synthesis of complex compounds. This compound is also used as an intermediate in the synthesis of other fine chemicals. H-Gly-Ala-AMC monohydrochloride can be used as a building block for the production of versatile building blocks, which are useful for making speciality chemicals.</p>

<p>Influenza B native 5-peptide mixture of:<br>H-SHFANLK-OHH-SYFANLK-OHH-GVLLPQK-OHH-NLNSLSELEVK-OHH-GILLPQK-OHAAA: Concentration - Duplicate<br>100 aliquots/pack total to equal 1nmol/peptide/vial dry aliquots</p>

<p>H-STQAAIDQINGK^-OHH-STQAAIDQISGK^-OHH-SDAPIGK^-OHH-DEALNNR^-OHH-EFSEVEGR^-OHH-TITNDR^-OHR^ = Arginine (U-13C6,15N4)K^ = Lysine (U-13C6,15N2)Peptide purity: &gt;98%AAA: Concentration – Duplicate100 aliquots/pack total to equal 1nmol/peptide/vial dry aliquots</p>

<p>Please enquire for more information about H-Cit-AMC·HBr including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page</p>

<p>Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro is a peptide used as an activator in research. It can be used to study protein interactions and the effects of ligands on ion channels and receptors. Gly residues are able to form hydrogen bonds, which is why they are often used as spacers in proteins. This peptide has a high purity and CAS number.</p>

<p>Tachyplesin is a type of cationic β-hairpin antimicrobial peptide (AMP) discovered from horseshoe crab hemocytes. This product has disulfide bonds between Cys3-Cys16, Cys7-Cys12 and is available as a trifluoroacetate salt.<br>One letter code: H-KWCFRVCYRGICYRKCR-NH2</p>

<p>H-Asn-2-ClTrt-Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB is a building block for the synthesis of peptides. It is a resin that contains amines, thiols, and alcohols. The resin has a particle size of 100 to 200 mesh and contains 1% DVB.</p>

<p>ACTH(1-39) trifluoroacetate is a synthetic form of ACTH that is used for the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and bowel disease. It is also used to assess the function of the adrenal gland in cases of suspected Cushing's syndrome. The blood sampling procedure involves withdrawing a small amount of blood from the patient and adding ACTH(1-39) trifluoroacetate to it, which causes an increase in cortisol concentration. ACTH(1-39) trifluoroacetate binds to corticotropin receptors on cells in the body, causing them to release basic proteins that are responsible for inflammation. This drug may be a potential biomarker for metabolic disorders such as obesity. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and can be used as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).</p>

<p>For-Met-Leu-AMC is a chemical compound that belongs to the group of speciality chemicals. It is a high quality, versatile building block that can be used as a reagent in organic synthesis and a reaction component in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other fine chemicals. For-Met-Leu-AMC is also a useful intermediate for the synthesis of complex compounds with potential for use as research chemicals or scaffolds for drug discovery.</p>

<p>H-Pro-Arg-AMC dihydrochloride is a high quality reagent that is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of peptides and other chemistries. H-Pro-Arg-AMC dihydrochloride can also be used as a building block for the synthesis of complex compounds. It has been found to be useful in various reactions involving amines, amino acids, and alcohols. H-Pro-Arg-AMC dihydrochloride is a versatile building block that can be used in reactions with other chemicals to produce speciality chemicals or research chemicals.</p>

<p>H-D-Phe-Homopro-Arg-pNA·diacetate is a versatile building block that can be used as a reaction component or a reagent. It is a useful scaffold for the preparation of biologically active compounds due to its high quality and versatility. It has been shown to be useful in the synthesis of complex compounds, such as peptides, antibiotics, and anti-cancer agents. This chemical is also an intermediate in the production of drugs. H-D-Phe-Homopro-Arg-pNA·diacetate is not listed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency TSCA Chemical Substance Inventory and has no known potential health effects at this time.</p>

<p>Fmoc-Phe-Ser(Psi(Me,Me)Pro)-OH is a diastereomer of Fmoc-Phe-Ser. It is used as a substrate for peptide synthesis and can be used to synthesize oxytocin receptor antagonists. It has been shown to have high affinity for the oxytocin receptor and inhibits the binding of oxytocin to the receptor by competing with it for the same site on the receptor. This inhibition leads to decreased levels of oxytocin that are responsible for uterine contractions during labour and milk ejection from the breast during breastfeeding. Fmoc-Phe-Ser(Psi(Me,Me)Pro)-OH also has been shown to be useful in filtration techniques such as chlorides, propargylamines, and divalent cyclopentenones.</p>

Please enquire for more information about LL-37 amide trifluoroacetate including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page

H-Lys-Asp-OH is a molecule that binds to the receptor binding molecule for the colony stimulating factor. It has been shown to be effective in protecting against experimental models of hepatic steatosis and monoclonal antibody induced liver injury. The therapeutic potential of H-Lys-Asp-OH is being investigated as a treatment for human hepatic steatosis, which is a condition characterized by high levels of fat in the liver. This drug also has pharmacokinetic properties that are important in its use as an experimental model for studying the effects of antibiotics on bacterial DNA synthesis, and as a diagnostic tool for detecting antibiotic resistant bacteria.

<p>Ovalbumin (257-264) is an acetate salt of a fragment of the protein ovalbumin.</p>

<p>Lys18[(AEEA)2-5-FITC]-Hepcidin (Human) is a FITC-Labeled Hepcidin for cell detection by flow cytometry and by fluorescent or confocal microscopy. Human Hepcidiin is a peptide hormone that is produced by the liver and is heavily involved in iron homeostasis through binding to and preventing ferroportin from exporting iron. Hepcidin has also demonstrated its capabilites as an anti-microbial peptide, preventing the amount of iron available to invading pathogens. This product consists of the following disulfide Bonds: Cys7-Cys23, Cys10-Cys13, Cys11-Cys19, and Cys14- Cys22<br>One-Letter Formula: DTHFPICIFCCGCCHRSK(AEEA-AEEA-5-FITC)-CGMCCKT</p>

<p>H-Trp(Boc)-2-ClTrt-Resin (200-400 mesh) is a resin that contains amines and thiols. It can be used as a building block of peptides and proteins. H-Trp(Boc)-2-ClTrt-Resin (200-400 mesh) can also be used in the synthesis of alcohols, which are important chemicals for industry.</p>

<p>Presenilin 1 (349-361) is a peptide that is a substrate for glycogen synthase. It is cleaved from the precursor protein presenilin 1 and has a molecular weight of 4.5 kDa. Presenilin 1 (349-361) is an enzyme substrate that can be used in biochemical assays to research glycogen metabolism.</p>

<p>Angiotensin II is a peptide hormone that is secreted by the kidneys. It stimulates the release of aldosterone and causes vasoconstriction, leading to an increase in blood pressure. Angiotensin II is also involved in other physiological functions such as the regulation of fluid balance, electrolyte levels, and blood coagulation. The drug is used to treat congestive heart failure and high blood pressure. Sar1-Angiotensin II has been shown to inhibit transcriptional regulation by binding to the angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1). This binding disrupts conformational changes in the receptor, preventing signal transduction from occurring and decreasing the activity of enzymes such as protein kinase A, which are needed for activation of transcription factors.</p>

<p>β-Ala-Lys(AMCA) is a peptide that can inhibit the interactions of proteins. β-Ala-Lys(AMCA) is an inhibitor of protein interactions and can be used as a research tool to study the interactions between proteins. β-Ala-Lys(AMCA) has been shown to activate certain receptors, such as the receptor for angiotensin II, and can be used to increase or decrease the activity of ligands. This drug also has a high purity level, which makes it suitable for use in life science research.</p>

<p>Purotoxin-1 is a peptide that belongs to the group of activators. It is an inhibitor of potassium channels which are involved in the regulation of excitability and repolarization of cells. Purotoxin-1 has been shown to block the binding of calcium ions to the N-type voltage-gated calcium channels, leading to decreased intracellular calcium levels and reduced neurotransmitter release. Purotoxin-1 has been shown to inhibit tumor growth in vivo, which may be due to its ability to inhibit protein interactions with cell surface receptors.</p>

<p>Abz-Ser-Pro-Tyr(NO2)-OH is a peptide that has been shown to be an angiotensin I converting enzyme II (ACE) substrate and an inhibitor of ACE. It also inhibits the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which is needed for the production of angiotensin II. This peptide is used in biochemical research and as a standard for measuring enzymatic activity.</p>

<p>Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-Rink-Amide MBHA Resin is a building block for peptides. It is an acid labile resin that can be cleaved with TFA to provide amine-protected dipeptides and tripeptides. This product is used as a building block for peptide synthesis.</p>

<p>Wang resin is a high purity, ion-exchange resin that is used in the preparation of peptides and proteins. The resin contains a cationic quaternary ammonium group that can be used to bind anionic molecules such as phosphates, sulfates, phosphonates, and carboxylates. Wang resin is also capable of binding to the amino groups on proteins. This resin has been shown to have excellent receptor binding capacity for peptides and proteins. In addition, Wang resin has been shown to be an activator of G-protein coupled receptors and ion channels. Wang resin has been used in research for life science and cell biology applications including antibody production and inhibitor studies.</p>

<p>Fmoc-Met-Wang Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB is a resin that has been synthesized by the Fmoc group. The resin is used to attach peptides, proteins and other organic molecules to a solid support for use in research. The resin is also an activator of ligands and can be used as a receptor for the binding of antibodies. The resin has high purity and is made from methacrylate polymer. It contains no detectable levels of hydroquinone and 4-Vinylpyridine.<br>Fmoc-Met-Wang Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB can be used as a research tool in cell biology, immunology, pharmacology, protein interactions, receptor binding, ion channel activation and more. CAS No.: 58897-27-6</p>

<p>Ac-His-D-Phe(p-Iodo)-Arg-Trp-NH2 is a peptide that binds to the melanocortin receptor. It is a potent antagonist of MSH and related peptides and has been shown to be effective in the treatment of cancer, including melanoma.</p>

<p>H-Asp-[Pen-Phe-Trp-Lys-Tyr-Cys]-Val-OH is a peptide that belongs to the class of biochemicals. It is a disulfide-rich peptide that is found in the brain, and has been shown to increase blood flow and activate the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in animals. Urotensin II and related peptides are also found in the brain, but have not been shown to have any effect on blood flow or hormone levels.</p>

<p>Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-Rink-Amide MBHA Resin is an ion channel blocker and a research tool that can be used to study the effects of peptides and other small molecules on ion channels. It is a high purity resin with a CAS number of 47794-33-4. The Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-Rink-Amide MBHA Resin is an inhibitor of the Ca2+ channel and the K+ channel and it can be used in pharmacology, cell biology, and immunology research.</p>

<p>Hypertension is a condition that affects the heart and blood vessels. It is caused by a number of factors, including increased blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol, diabetes, and genetics. Hypertension can lead to stroke, kidney disease, heart failure, or death. This drug was designed to target hypertension by activating protease-activated receptor (PAR) peptides in the body. PAR peptides are found in many tissues throughout the body and are involved in inflammation and coagulation. PAR2 has been shown to be involved in cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. The drug was designed for use as an oral treatment for hypertension and related conditions.</p>

Retatrutide is a 39 amino acid single peptide with triple agonist activity at the glucagon receptor (GCGR), glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR), and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). The backbone is conjugated to a C20 fatty diacid moiety at position 17. Retatrutide has a Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) peptide backbone, which then contains three non-coded amino acids. Aib2 (α-amino isobutyric acid) residues at positions 2 and 20 provide stability against Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) cleavage and contribute to GIP activity. αMeL13 (α-methyl-L-leucine)at position 20 also contributes to GIP and glucagon activity. Retatrutide can be used for the research of obesity obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease. It is a works in three ways: stimulating insulin release, suppressing appetite, and promoting fat breakdown.

<p>This is a vivitide catalogue product. Please send your vivitide product enquiry to sales@vivitide.com for an up-to-date price and availability.</p>

<p>H-Ser(tBu)-2-ClTrt-Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB is a resin that is designed for the synthesis of peptides. It can be used as a building block and has been shown to react with thiols, alcohols, amines, and other building blocks.</p>

Fmoc-b-(7-methoxy-coumarin-4-yl)-Ala-OH is a reagent with the CAS No. 524698-40-6, which is used in organic synthesis. It is a versatile building block and useful intermediate that can be used to synthesize other organic compounds. Fmoc-b-(7-methoxy-coumarin-4-yl)-Ala-OH is also used as a reaction component in the synthesis of peptides and proteins, as well as in the preparation of polymers. It has been shown to be an effective building block for complex compounds.

<p>Melittin is a 26-residue cationic, haemolytic peptide isolated from honeybee venom. Melittin lowers the surface tension at the plasma membrane and causes cell lysis. It also exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Melittin has been extensively used as a model peptide for observing membrane lipid-protein interaction. In Melittin [Cy5] the fluorophore Cy5, a member of the Cy-Dye fluorescent molecule group which are most commonly used in DNA-related applications is added to the melittin peptide.</p>

<p>T regulatory cell epitopes (Tregitopes) are a set of natural T cell epitopes derived from immunoglobulin G. These peptides are Treg-activating and show some promise in prophylactic and therapeutic studies in type 1 diabetes mellitus: which is associated with effector T cell (Teff) destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-islet cells. In non-diabetics, self-reactive T cells are deleted during thymic development, rendered anergic, or converted into natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) that suppress autoimmune responses.Tregitopes are processed and presented by MHC class II molecules. They can suppress effector T cell responses, and up-regulate Treg-associated cytokines and chemokines. Tregitopes help stimulate 'antigen-specific adaptive tolerance induction' (ASATI) to modulate antigen-specific transplant rejection and to reduce immune responses to allergens in vitro and in vivo.</p>

<p>Desmoglein-3 DSG3 (50-79) is derived from the pemphigus vulgaris antigen DSG3 and is involved in cell-cell adhesion. It can exist as non-junctional and junctional and is one of the desmosomal cadherins. Within the epithelial cells non-junctional DSG3 takes part in E-cadherin signalling.The overexpression of DSG3 has been observed in squamous cell carcinoma and can be used as a biomarker for cervical sentinel lymph nodes. DSG3 in tumours is considered as being pro-metastatic through DSG3 ability to activate AP-1 and the PKC/Ezrin pathway.Biotin (B7) has been added to the N-terminus.</p>

<p>Fluorogenic peptide substrate for flavivirus non-structural 3 (NS3) and non-structural 2B/3 (NS2B/3)- highly conserved serine proteases that performs several enzymatic functions critical for virus replication. The flaviviruses include: zika virus- west nile virus- dengue virus- yellow fever virus, and tick-borne encephalitis. Flaviviruses require proteolytic processing of polyprotein precursors to yield a functional viral particle. This processing is carried out by the two-component protease, consisting NS2B a small integral membrane protein, and NS3, a cytosolic protein. In its intact state this peptide is not fluorescent, however this substrate peptide is cleaved by NS3 or NS2B serine proteases in two successive steps to release Rhodamine 110. Upon rhodamine 110 fluorophore release fluorescence can then be detected. This peptide therefore allows for the quantification of NS3/ NS2B/3 serine protease activity. Rhodamine 110 is a widely used red fluorescent probe.</p>

<p>Biotin-PEG2-Claudin-6 is derived from the tight junction protein Claudin-6 which is encoded by the CLDN6 gene and can be found within epithelial cell to cell contacts. The Claudin family are transmembrane proteins containing two extracellular loops and are involved in maintaining cell polarity and controlling paracellular ion flux.The expression of Claudin-6 is most commonly seen in early embryonic development where it plays a role in the regulation of blastocyst formation through tight junction enhancement. It is also an important factor for epidermal differentiation and barrier formation. Although it is more commonly seen in embryonic development it is also expressed in mammary epithelial cells. Studies have also shown Cldn6 to be a tumour suppressor in breast cancer.This peptide has a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification and contains a polyethylene glycol spacer (PEG2).</p>

<p>SynB3 is a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) with high efficacy at crossing the cell membrane with no significant toxicity. SynB3, like other CPPs, can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Although the mode of crossing remains unclear, synB3 has been conjugated to a few cargoes and shown to be adequately present in the brain. Synb3 provides promise for the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides as therapy for conditions such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). The treatment of these conditions has been hampered by the lack of cargo delivery methods that can be tissue-specific and cross the BBB. SynB3 in mouse models was shown to be an effective method of delivering therapeutics across the BBB for SMA treatment.SynB3 is labelled at the N-terminus with an alkyne attachment for ease of reaction with an opposite Click reactive partner (azide). Azide-alkyne cycloaddition has become the most popular Click reaction. Alkyne-synB3 allows various applications, particularly for protein conjugation, modification, and drug delivery.</p>

<p>C5A is an anaphylatoxin produced along with C5b, by the cleavage of complement C5, a fundamental factor of the complement system pathways.</p>

<p>Polyproline-13 (Pro13) forms a helix, and it is a naturally occurring secondary structure. Pro13 is used as a model peptide to help understand the folding mechanisms and intermediates of the proteome. Pro13 can exist in a cis-orientation leading to the formation of the right-handed PPI helix- this is more favourable in non-polar solvents. Alternatively, Pro13 can have a trans-orientation leading to a left-handed PPII helix favoured in polar solvents. Pro13 can interchange these forms by altering the solvent composition, as determined by circular dichronism spectroscopy. The ability to observe the reversible transition between PPI and PPII, and its intermediates, has been hampered by a lack of methodologies, and thus the mechanistic pathway remains unclear. There is PPII helix content in proteins, and the role that PPII conformations play in the non-structured state of polypeptides is still being investigated. Free energy landscapes of polyprolines in various solvents have helped to understand their relative stability and improve the information about the transition pathway between the helices.</p>

<p>Albumin (237-251) Bovine is derived from the globular protein Albumin and is found in the blood-plasma of humans (known as Human Serum Albumin, HSA) where it serves to maintain plasma pressure and nutritional balance. Another role it carries out is the transportation of bound molecules through the blood. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), composed of 583 amino acids, is very similar to HSA thus allowing BSA to be used as a successful model and a standard protein in laboratory experiments.Although BSA and HAS share homology in their three domains, I, II and III, BSA contains 2 tryptophan whereas HAS only contains 1 tryptophan residue.In agriculture the presence of the albumin protein has been used to assess the health of cows to ensure that a suitable quality of milk and meat are produced. Moreover it is important to detect bovine albumin in food and pharmaceutical products due to it being an allergenic protein.</p>

<p>LL-37 is a member of the large cationic family of anti-microbial peptides called cathelicidins which have broad-spectrum anti-microbial activity and are expressed in many species. The only cathelicidin found in humans is LL-37, this is produced in epithelial cells, by proteolytic cleavage from the C-terminal of the hCAP-18 protein. LL-37 can be processed into different forms of anti-microbial peptides. As well as its anti-microbial properties LL-37 also regulates many aspects of the innate immune system and overexpression of LL-37 has been linked to autoimmune diseases such as asthma and psoriasis, making LL-37 the most studied form of the human cathelicidin peptides.More recently, studies have shown that LL-37 binds to SARS-CoV-2 S protein and inhibits binding to its receptor hACE2, which may inhibit viral entry into the cell. LL-37 is upregulated by vitamin D, therefore this may be one mode of action for the positive outcomes seen with vitamin D treatment for Covid-19.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 NSP7 is part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase heterotetramer for mediating coronavirus RNA synthesis. NSP7 and NSP8 form a channel to confer processivity on RNA polymerase. NSP7 aids in stabilising NSP12 regions involved in RNA binding and is essential for a highly active NSP12 polymerase complex. These factors make NSP7 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP7 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP7 (46-60) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>SFLLRN-amide.</p>

<p>Formyl-MLF-[Cys(AF488)] is composed of the chemotactic peptide: N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine. N-formyl-methionine is the N-terminal amino acid present on bacteria and allows the bacteria to interact with phagocytic cells such as macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells through surface formyl-MLF receptors. As a result Formyl-MLF labelled with the fluorescent dye, Alexa Fluor 488 can be used as a marker of bacterial infections. It has also been demonstrated that the use of multiple formyl-MLF moieties can target polymeric drug delivery molecules to phagocytic cells. In addition to Alexa Fluor 488's application in marking bacterial infections, its properties of being photo-bleaching resistant and having a high quantum yield allow it to carry out its most common use in the visualisation and location of dendritic structures and synapses.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (231-245) is an epitope candidate with various predicted HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>(KFF)3K is a cationic cell penetrating peptide which can be conjugated to PNA oligomers to aid in their penetration of the bacterial cell wall to function as anti-microbials. It contains 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag.</p>

<p>Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.</p>

<p>AD01 is a derivative of the FK506 binding protein-like (FKBPL), and exerts potent anti-angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo to control tumour growth.Recent studies have shown that AD-01 inhibits Rac-1 activity, and up-regulates RhoA and the actin binding proteins, profilin and vinculin.In this way, the anti-angiogenic proteins, FKBPL, and AD-01, offer a promising and alternative approach for targeting both CD44 positive tumours and vasculature networks. Recent clinical studies have shown that AD01 and other FKBPL-based peptides may offer an alternative for targeting treatment-resistant breast cancer stem cells.</p>

<p>Peptide derived from the HIV transactivator of transcription protein. TAT is a cationic cell-penetrating peptide.</p>

<p>PD-1 (21-35) peptide is derived from the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) which interacts with its ligand, PD-L1 to regulate immune homeostasis. PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are critical in regulating T cell activation, tolerance and immuno-pathology. PD-1 is an immune checkpoint and guards against autoimmunity through two mechanisms. First, it promotes apoptosis of antigen-specific T-cells in lymph nodes. Second, it reduces apoptosis in regulatory T cells.Several types of cancer cells overexpress PD-L1 in order to escape from the PD-1/PD-L1 immuno-surveillance mechanism. Consequently PD-1 inhibitors and PD-L1 inhibitors could be used as a therapeutic in the treatment of cancers.</p>

<p>B-peptide is an arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide which can be used in a chimeric fusion peptide which includes a morpholino oligomer (PMO). B-peptide enables the convalently conjugated PMOs or peptides to be transported across cell membranes and can therefore be a useful tool in delivering targeted therapies.</p>

<p>β-Amyloid 1-11 (Aβ1-11) is one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of amyloid β precursor protein by β- and α-secretase. Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then &amp;γ--secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.Biotin is C-terminally linked to the peptide via ethylenediaminefor convenient detection and purification. Alternative β-Amyloid fragments and labels are also available, please refer to our peptide catalogue for availability.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (32-38) K36Me2 is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter to change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.The Histone H3 (32-38) lysine 36 has been dimethylated.</p>

<p>The HSA (55-66) peptide is derived from human serum albumin (HSA), a protein present in the blood plasma. It is involved in the transportation of compounds through the blood stream, the maintenance of osmotic blood pressure and could be used to improve drug delivery.</p>

Encoded for by mitochondrial DNA, Humanin is an endogenous peptide known to be a ‘rescue factor’ with the ability to abolish neuronal cell death. This characteristic has promoted Humanin as a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Another function of Humanin is it can inhibit mitochondira-dependent apoptosis through preventing the formation of apoptotic bodies and the release of Cytochrome C.Humanin has been found to be related to aging related cardiovascular disease (ACVDs) due to evidence of Humanin serum levels as age increases. Furthermore Humanin increases the expression of antioxidant defense system proteins and impedes complexes I and III from their activity in the electron transport chain in myocardial cells and mitochondria, therefore decreasing oxidative stress damage caused by H2O2. Humanin further reduces reactive oxygen species production and protects cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts, from oxidative stress.Overall Humanin has a variety of protective functions such as mitochondrial homeostasis and redox systems regulation, anti-aging, prevention of myocardial fibrosis, anti-inflammation, metabolism improvement and autophagy promotion. It has also been found to improve beta-cell survival and thus can be used as a diabetes treatment due to it improving insulin secretion and resistance.

<p>Truncated version of SBP1, the fragment of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) peptidase domain (PD) alpha1 helix important for the interaction of ACE2 with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS coronavirus receptor binding domain (SARS-CoV-2-RBD). Unlike SBP1, SBP2 does not associate with the spike RBD protein.</p>

<p>Histone 3 (H3) is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.The lysine at position 4 of this peptide has been tri-methylated and it is implicated in studies that this modification may remodel the chromatin so that it is more accessible to transcription factors, which may ultimately increase the level of gene expression. The lysine at position 9 has been acetylated, which neutralizes the positive charge on the amino acid, loosening the chromatin structure. This alteration to the accessibility of chromatin promotes the initiation of transcription. Moreover, the serine at position 10 has been phosphorylated, and studies have suggested that this may induce chromatin condensation, and subsequently repress transcription and gene expression.This peptide contains a C-terminal GGK linker labelled with 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used green fluorescent tag. This peptide also has an uncharged C-terminal amide.</p>

<p>Custom research peptide; min purity 95%.</p>

<p>PAF26 is a cell penetrating antimicrobial peptide (CP-AMP) with strong activity against fungi that cause postharvest decay in fruits, such as strains of Penicillium italicum, Penicillium digitatum, and Botrytis cinerea and is also active against Fusarium oxysporum.PAF26 has reduced toxicity to Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, demonstrating selectivity towards certain filamentous fungi. PAF26 is endocytically internalized at low fungicidal concentrations and accumulates in vacuoles before being actively transported into the cytoplasm where it exerts its antifungal activity. PAF26 is not lytic or cytotoxic to human cells.</p>

<p>Alyerserin-1b is a C-terminally α-amidated 23 residue Cationic anti-microbial peptide (AMP). Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) are produced by the innate immune system and are expressed when the host is challenged by a pathogen. The Alyerserin family of peptides was first identified in norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions of the midwife toad-Alytes obstetricans-(Alytidae). Alyteserin-1 peptides have limited structural similarity to the ascaphins from the skins of frogs of the Leiopelmatidae family. Alyteserin-1 peptides are selective at inhibiting growth activity of Gram-negative bacteria-such as Escherichia coli and show weak haemolytic activity against human erythrocytes.Alyteserin contain at least 50% hydrophobic amino acids. Hydrophobic residues contribute to the insertion of the peptide into the hydrophobic membrane core which results in membrane disruption and death of the pathogen. Due to their mechanism of action it is less likely for resistance to develop towards them compared to conventional antibiotics.</p>

<p>Mastoparan is a 14-residue cationic peptide toxin isolated from the wasp Vespula lewisii venom which shows an important potency as an antimicrobial and anticancer agent but also as a Cell Permeable Peptide.<br>Mastoparan is mainly known to be a receptor-independant and allosteric regulator of G-protein by stimulating GTPase activity.<br>Besides modulating the activity of G-protein, Mastoparan have the ability to bind other intracellular targets such as Ca2+-ATP (implicated in Ca2+ release), small GTP binding proteins rho and rac, and many others.<br>Mastoparan also belongs to the cell permeable peptide (CPP) family. As such, Mastoparan increases the membrane conductance and permeability of planar lipid bilayer and liposomal membranes which leads to enhanced the penetration of Ca2+, Na+ or K+ ions.<br>Mastoparan have also a potential antibiotic effect due to its potent antimicrobial activity which can turn Mastoparan to a potential drug for infectious diseases.<br>Some studies have also reported that Mastoparan exhibits potent anti-cancer activities toward leukemia, myeloma, and breast cancer cells with an approximately half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 9µM, 11µM and 22µM respectively.<br>Mastoparan have shown to be more specific to cancer cells than to normal cells.</p>

<p>C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is a novel urinary biomarker which is part of the natriuretic peptide family. CNP is produced in the kidney and the endothelium and has been localised to renal tubules. CNP expression has also been detected in cardiomyocytes, vascular endothelium, and bone.CNP is synthesized as the precursor 103 amino acid (AA) protein, proCNP (AA 1-103), which is then cleaved into NT-proCNP (AA 1-50) and CNP53 (AA 51-103) by the intracellular endoprotease furin. CNP53 is then cleaved to give the biologically active mature form CNP22 (AA 82-103) and inactive form NT-CNP53 (51-81). CNP primarily acts as an autocrine or paracrine factor and has anti-proliferative and anti-fibrotic properties, including suppression of fibroblast proliferation and collagen production, inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and accelerated regeneration of endothelial cells. CNP is a vasodilator and potent venodilator and slightly elevated levels have been detected in heart failure and renal disease states. CNP has renoprotective properties and is activated during renal injury, where it helps preserve glomerular function and suppress pro-fibrotic processes. Hypoxia, cytokines and fibrotic growth factors, are stimuli for CNP production and release.CNP selectively activates the cell surface particulate guanylyl cyclase receptor B (GC-B), catalysing the conversion of GTP to the downstream second messenger, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP).</p>

<p>Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) and its negative regulator Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 (Keap1) provide vital protection in maintaining cellular redox. In parallel, Nrf2 also aids the resolution of inflammation and also tissue repair. In homeostatic conditions, the transcription factor Nrf2 is controlled in a cytoplasmic complex with Keap1 with ubiquitination and protein degradation. Nrf2 has been linked to numerous cancers due to mutations affecting the binding region of Nrf2 to Keap1, resulting in Nrf2 dissociating from the complex. Nrf2 constitutively accumulates in the nucleus and activation of prosurvival genes that promote cancer cell proliferation.The Neh2 region of Nrf2 interacts with Keap1, as shown by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The 16 amino acid peptide (AFFAQLQLDEETGEFL) (69-84) flanks the conserved ETGE motif and can replicate the binding to keap1.Therapeutics targeting the Nrf2 signalling pathway and activation of Nrf2 is a keen area of research, with many cancers being linked to Nrf2, particularly pancreatic cancer. Additionally, activation of Nrf2 has become a possible target as a treatment for COVID. Nrf2 (69-84) replicating full-length Nrf2 binding has been helpful in all cases. This Nrf2 (69-84) contains a covalently bonded N-terminal Biotin tag that can be used for detection and purification. If you would prefer the simple peptide, Nrf2 (69-84), it is available from our catalogue.</p>

<p>Auto-inducing peptide (AIP) is a cyclic thiolactone quorum sensing peptide from Staphylococcus aureus which is responsible for activating the agr response. AIP is released from the bacteria and its extracellular concentration is then sensed by a two-component system on the bacterial surface, AgrC and AgrA. AgrC is the membrane histidine kinase receptor and AgrA is a response regulator- upon binding of AIP, AgrC phosphorylates AgrA.AIP accumulates during growth activating an AgrC and AgrA cascade when it reaches a critical signal level. This cascade activates P2 and P3 promoters which autoactivate the agr system and upregulate RNAIII transcription. RNAIII regulates the expression of virulence factors including toxins, super-antigens, and exo-enzymes. Extensive research to identify AIP:AgrC inhibitors aims to find therapeutics against pathogens.AgrD is the precursor peptide of AIP, and AgrB is an integral membrane endopeptidase essential to biosynthesize AIP. This AIP system is conserved among many Gram-positive bacteria. S. aureus strains are categorized into four groups (I-IV) according to their AIP signal and cognate extracellular receptor, AgrC.AIP-II has the conserved thiolactone macrocycle of the AIP family. Asn-3, Leu-8, and Phe-9 have been shown to be critical for activation of the agr response while inhibition relies on Leu-8 and Phe-9. The reactive thiol ester bond is only necessary for activation of the agr response. Further work may provide further AIP:AgrC inhibitors.</p>

<p>Amino acids 1-5 of the peptide hormone Ghrelin which exerts its various effects through associating with the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) through its unique N-octanoyl group which is linked to its serine 3 residue covalently. Ghrelin is found in the stomach, brain and other tissues and is involved in stimulating appetite, nutrient sensing and meal initiation. It has also been found to regulate insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity and its key role in glucose homeostasis, energy homeostasis, cardio-protective effects, bone metabolism and its potential to be a target for cancer means that it can be used to develop therapies for a whole spectrum of diseases. This molecule is used as a research tool for studying cell biology and pharmacology.</p>

<p>TAT-GluR23Y is a cell penetrating peptide that inhibits phosphorylation of AMPA receptor endocytosis.Recent studies have shown that AMPA receptor endocytosis, which is a cellular mechanism underlying the formation of LTD, plays a critical role in facilitating initial extinction of learned fear. Tat-Glur23Y can block regulated AMPA and thereby prevents long-term depression (LTD) in structures such as the nucleus accumbens and dorsal hippocampus.</p>

<p>TatCN21 is an inhibitor peptide for the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), a ubiquitously-expressed multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase. TatCN21 blocks both autonomous and stimulated CaMKII activity with high selectivity. CaMKII is highly expressed in brain tissue where it regulates several processes including: neurotransmitter synthesis/release, neuronal plasticity- excitability and calcium homeostasis. Glutamate clearance by astrocytes is an essential part of normal excitatory neurotransmission, and accumulation of glutamate in the central nervous system is associated with many neurodegenerative disorders. CaMKII regulates glutamate homeostasis: CaMKII inhibition results in diminished glutamate uptake, dysregulated calcium homeostasis, release of the gliotransmitter ATP and compromise neuronal survival. Loss of CaMKII signalling may be an important factor in excitotoxicity. Peptide was obtained by linking the 11 amino acid human HIV Tat transporter to a 21 amino acid sequence corresponding to the CN21.</p>

<p>CLEAR-Amide Resin (100-200 mesh) (0.3 - 0.5 meq/g) is a high purity resin that can be used as a research tool, pharmacology, and protein interactions.</p>

<p>Fmoc-His(Trt)-Wang Resin (100-200 mesh) 1% DVB is a resin for peptide synthesis that contains Fmoc-His(Trt) and 1% DVB. It is used to synthesize peptides with Fmoc chemistry.</p>

<p>Abz-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Tyr(NO2)-OH is a peptide that can be used as an angiotensin I converting enzyme II substrate. It is a synthetic, non-peptide molecule that has been shown to inhibit the activity of the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE). This inhibition prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which leads to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.</p>

<p>The activation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) is believed to play a role in hyperalgesia, asthma and hypertension. TRPV1 is important for neuronal pain detection as well as the detection of heat, capsaicin, protons and the neurotransmitter anandamide.- The scaffold protein AKAP79 targets kinases to phosphorylate TRPV1, however it has been shown that inflammatory intermediates prostaglandin-E2 or bradykinin can activate these kinases creating a route for inflammation to cause hyperalgesia.This product is composed of the TRPV1 interacting residues of AKAP79 reordered into a scrambled sequence and conjugated to the cell penetrating TAT domain at the N-terminus. The scrambled peptide was shown in vivo to have no effect on TRPV1 algesia and thus is a vital control for research work. This product is a vital tool for research into suitable TRPV1 antagonists. The scrambled-TAT peptide is available for purchase in both an acid and amide form, this is the C-terminal amide form.</p>

<p>Gene therapy is potentially an ideal treatment for muscle tissue myopathies but targeting remains an issue. The large volume of muscle in the body versus the requirement for tissue-specificity is of particular concern. This heptapeptide has been shown to preferentially bind skeletal myofibers and thus can be used to study targeting of peptide/gene-delivery to muscle tissue. Research into gene therapy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has been of particular interest with muscle targeting peptides. This product already shows ideal placement to continue that research to overcome some of these issues.</p>

<p>L17E is an endosomolytic peptide derived from the cationic and membrane-lytic spider venom peptide M-lycotoxin and contains a substitution of leucine by glutamic acid at position 17. L17E is able to promote the endocytic uptake and cytosolic delivery of exosome-encapsulated proteins.A major obstacles to intracellular targeting by antibodies is the limited release of the antibodies into the cytosol, once inside endosomes. L17E can achieve an enhanced cellular uptake via the induction of micropinocytosis. Once inside the endosome, positively charged L17E is able to preferentially disrupt negatively charged endosomal membranes to enable a marked cytosolic liberation of antibodies (immunoglobulins G (IgGs)) from endosomes.L17E had little pH dependence and no enhanced helical structure is needed for L17E-mediated membrane lysis.</p>

<p>Neuromedin U (NmU) is a neuropeptide expressed in various organs including the brain, gut, bone marrow and lungs. NmU has a wide range of roles in physiology including: decreasing appetite and body weight and increasing gross locomotor activity, heat production, oxygen consumption, uterine smooth muscle contraction, body temperature, and bone mass. It is also involved in regulating circadian rhythm, stress response and blood flow and ion transport in the gut. NmU can also stimulate cytokine production and promote mast cell-mediated inflammation and is important during the early proliferative stages of erythroid development. NmU has been shown to be a c-Myb target gene and NmU in turn activates protein kinase C-βII, a factor associated with hematopoietic differentiation-proliferation.Two related G protein-coupled receptors have been identified as NmU receptors: NMU-R1: expressed in various tissues, including the small intestine and lung, and NMU-R2: predominantly expressed in the hypothalamus and the small intestine. Activation of these receptors via NmU binding mobilises intracellular Ca2+ stores and downstream signalling.</p>

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. Also known as the nucleocapsid protein, it is an abundant RNA-binding protein critical for viral genome packaging. These factors make nucleoprotein a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the nucleoprotein sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. Nucleoprotein (261-275) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Galanin is predominantly an inhibitory neuropeptide expressed in humans and other mammals' brains, spinal cords, and gut. Galanin signalling occurs through three G protein-coupled receptors GalR1-3. Galanin has been implicated in many biologically diverse functions, including nociception, waking and sleep regulation, cognition, feeding, mood regulation and blood pressure regulation. Galanin appears to have neuroprotective activity as its biosynthesis is increased 2-10 fold upon axotomy and during seizure activity in peripheral tissues and the brain.The clinical relevance of galanin is related to several chronic neural disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, depression and cancer- those who suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus, depression and Alzheimer's disease often express high levels of galanin. Conversely, intervention with galanin agonists (for example, M617, M1145 and M1153) were able to ameliorate disease symptoms such as Alzheimer's and have pro-nociceptive effects. Specifically, activation of GAL2 can alleviate such disease features in human and rodent models. This galanin (2-30) peptide has been used to characterise Galanin's binding sites and affinity for GALR receptors via competition binding analysis. Galanin (2-30) is a full agonist of the GALR2 receptor compared to its affinity for GALR1.</p>

<p>8-Azido-3,6-Dioxaoctanoic Acid is a PEG compound with two different functional groups (also known as heterobifunctional). Unlike homobifunctional PEG compounds (same functional group on both ends), this type of compounds are more versatile as have two different anchor points. 8-Azido-3,6-Dioxaoctanoic Acid is used as a linker and spacer to add a PEG moiety, via pegylation (a bioconjugation technique) to proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, small molecules and nanoparticles.</p>

<p>CE-acid is a dipeptide of glutamate and cysteine. CE-acid has a formal charge of 0 and a range of biological and chemical uses. EC-acid is also available in our catalogue.</p>

<p>Cell-permeable calmodulin (CaM) agonist that binds to the EF-hand/Ca2+-binding site and can activate phosphodiesterase in the absence of Ca2+ and inhibit Ca2+ mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis.</p>

<p>The dodecapeptide AR71 prevents melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) dimerisation and hence inhibits (MIA). It therefore has the potential to be used as a therapeutic in melanoma.</p>

<p>Forms of inherited muscular dystrophy such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) result from mutations targeting the dystrophin gene. These disorders are X-linked, progressive, and cause the gradual weakening of the muscles leading to respiratory failure and ultimately reduces the patient lifespan.In DMD, mutations lead to the production of premature stop codons and hence the truncated dystrophin protein product is vulnerable to nonsense mediated decay and degradation. Therefore, dystrophin production in muscle cells is reduced. On the other hand, nonsense mutations which also contribute to DMD, cause exon skipping in BMD and result in an internally truncated protein product which are partially functional. The symptoms of BMD are later onset compared with DMD which develop in patients between 2 to 7 years.Treatments of dystrophin disorders are in clinical trials including antisense oligonucleotide exon skipping and gene therapy. However, the efficacies of these treatments are not easily quantified. Currently levels of muscular dystrophin are quantified by western blot which can be unreliable. The peptide provided here, aligning residues dystrophin (396-405), has been shown to provide absolute quantification of dystrophin levels from biopsies using parallel reaction monitoring. This will hopefully allow better management of dystrophin disorders with better quantifications tools based on dystrophin (396-405). Further study with this dystrophin fragment could prove to be a vital step in the understanding and treatment of dystrophin disorders. Within our catalogue we also have other peptides tested for dystrophin quantification available plus the full-length dystrophin protein.</p>

<p>Fmoc-ACC-Resin is a resin for the synthesis of peptides that has been used for the synthesis of Fmoc-protected amino acids and peptides. The resin is a solid support that can be used in automated peptide synthesizers. It can be used in the synthesis of peptides with N-terminal amine or carboxylic acid groups, such as Fmoc-amino acids, Fmoc-NHS esters, and side chain protected amino acids.</p>

<p>Galanin is a widely distributed neuropeptide in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral regions and endocrine system. Galanin has a role in energy homeostasis. Central injections of galanin to the amygdala led to food intake in rats. Galanin also acts in the CNS to inhibit neurotransmitter release, such as acetylcholine. Galanin has been implicated in numerous neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, depression, and epilepsy.Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 which are G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of potassium ions.The galanin active N-terminal fragment (1-16) has been identified as a highly potent agonist for the galanin receptors.  This has become a basis for galanin-based peptides, which are neuroactive. These are being investigated as a potential source for anticonvulsant neuropeptides as a therapeutic for conditions such as epilepsy. A library of galanin fragments has allowed screening of their properties to be assessed. Galanin fragments have different affinities for GalR receptors. Galanin (1-13) has been shown to act as a high-affinity receptor antagonist in competitive receptor displacement tests using rats. Numerous chimeric peptides have been generated with galanin (1-13) to generate peptides for studying galinergic signalling. Examples of chimeric peptide tools used with galanin (1-13) are the neuropeptide Y fragment (named M32) and a bradykinin fragment (called M35).</p>

<p>Selective peptide ligand for FRalpha, demonstrating specific binding to FRalpha expression cells and tumour targeting ability in vivo.</p>

<p>Gene therapy is potentially an ideal treatment for muscle tissue myopathies but targeting remains an issue. The large volume of muscle in the body versus the requirement for tissue-specificity is of particular concern. This heptapeptide has been shown to preferentially bind myofibers and thus can be used to study targeting of peptide/gene- delivery to muscle tissue. Research into gene therapy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has been of particular interest with muscle targeting peptides.- This product has been shown to orientate to muscle and heart tissue and when conjugated to a phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO)-increases dystrophin expression by 25%. This product already shows ideal placement to continue cardiac research to overcome some of these issues.</p>

<p>ORF7a is an accessory protein that is key to SARS-CoV-2 evading the immune system. ORF7a acts on the secretory pathway to lower surface MHC-I expression by specifically interacting with the MHC-I heavy chain and delaying its export from the endoplasmic reticulum. These factors make the ORF6 protein a viable target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the ORF7a-10 protein sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. ORF7a-10 protein (69-86) is an epitope candidate with various predicted HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1-22) K9Me1-Biotin is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Another modification process histones can undergo is biotinylation where the covalent attachment of a biotin molecule is catalysed by the enzyme Biotinidase. This cleaves biocytin to generate a biotinyl-thiester intermediate. The biotinyl can then be transferred onto the histone lysine ɛ-amino group which in this case it is covalently attached to Histone 3. Overall the biotinylation sites identified in histone 3 are: K4, K9 and K18. The presence of biotinylated histones have been detected in human cells such as lymphocytes and lymphomas.</p>

<p>Consisting of the disulfide Bonds: Cys6- Cys22, Cys9-Cys12, Cys10- Cys18, and Cys13-Cys21 and of the trifluoroacetate salt form, this product can be used as an internal standard for Hepcidin assays.Hepcidin-24 is a peptide hormone that plays a key role in the regulation of iron metabolism in the body. It is produced by the liver and is secreted into the bloodstream, where it interacts with cells in the intestine and other tissues to control the absorption and distribution of iron.<br>Hepcidin acts as a negative regulator of iron uptake and release by binding to and inhibiting the activity of ferroportin, a protein that facilitates the export of iron from cells into the bloodstream. When hepcidin levels are high, ferroportin activity is reduced, leading to decreased iron absorption from the diet and reduced iron release from cells. When hepcidin-24 levels are low, ferroportin activity is increased, leading to increased iron absorption and release.<br>Imbalances in hepcidin levels can lead to a variety of disorders, including iron-deficiency anemia, hemochromatosis (an iron overload disorder), and anemia of chronic disease. Therefore, hepcidin-24 is a key target for the development of treatments for these and other iron-related disorders.<br>In addition to its role in iron metabolism, hepcidin has been shown to have antimicrobial properties, as it can inhibit the growth of certain bacteria and fungi. It may also be involved in the regulation of immune function and inflammation.</p>

<p>Ovalbumin (OVA) is the primary protein in egg-white, and is involved in initiating food allergies and asthma. It is a highly immunogenic protein and can be used for peptide conjugation in the development of antibodies.OVA (251-264) is a class I (Kb)-restricted peptide epitope of OVA. The ovalbumin fragment is presented by the class I MHC molecule, H-2Kb.</p>

<p>ANP (1-28) is derived from the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which is a cardiac hormone involved in maintaining cardio-renal homeostasis. This occurs through the activation of the guanylyl cyclase-coupled receptor, resulting in the increased concentration of cyclic guanylate monophosphate. Moreover its function in the processes of anti-proliferation and anti-angiogenesis allow it to take part in cardiovascular remodelling.ANP is a member of the natriuretic peptide family and it is encoded by the NPPA gene, located on chromosome 1. Once synthesized from the 151 amino acid pre-prohormone into its biologically active form, ANP is secreted by the atrial cardiomyocytes in the circulating forms: ANP (1-98) and ANP (99-126). This synthesis process involves the signal peptide being removed from the pre-prohormone resulting in pro-ANP (1-126) which is converted into the circulating forms by the type II transmembrane serine protease Corin.</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a (26-40)</p>

<p>Histone H3 (1 - 21) K4Me3 is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available or inaccessible to the transcription machinery.Lysine 4 of Histone H3 (1 - 21) K4Me3 has been tri-methylated.</p>

<p>BDC2.5 mimotope 1040-51 is a mimotope of BDC2.5 T cells which can recognise glutamic acid decarboxylase epitopes.</p>

<p>H-His(Trt)-2-ClTrt-Resin (200-400 mesh) 1% DVB is a resin for peptide synthesis. It contains thiols, building blocks, alcohols, amines, and other functional groups. The resin is used as a building block in the synthesis of peptides.</p>

<p>Jelleines are a family of very small (8-9 amino acid residues long) host defence peptides (HDPs) isolated from the royal jelly of honey bees (Apis mellifera). Jelleines do not present any similarity with other HDPs from other honeybees and are produced by the workers and secreted into Royal Jelly and provide abroad-spectrum protection of the bee hive against microbial infections. The Jelleines are not considered cytolytic or directly involved with inflammatory effects.Jelleine-I may be produced by tryptic digestion of MRJP-1 (produced in the hypopharyngeal glands of the worker honeybee and secreted into the royal jelly), followed by an exoproteinase action on N-terminal of the tryptic fragment. Jelleine-I is only 953.24-Da and exhibits excellent anti-microbial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungi. Jelleine-I increases the production of cellular ROS and binds with genomic DNA, which may contribute to its anti-fungal activity.PLEASE NOTE that in several published articles the sequence of Jelleine-I has been printed as PFKLSLHL -NH2, due to a mistake in the original reference: Fontana et al., (2004). The correct sequence, is PFKISIHL-NH2.</p>

<p>Biotinylated Tat Peptide available in the trifluroacetate salt form. TAT(Transactivated-transcripiton) Peptide Derived from the HIV TAT Protein, is a Cell-Penetrating Peptide which has the ability to transport itself across cell membranes independently. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) can be used to carry other molecules into the cell and therefore can be used in many applications. Such applications may include: drug delivery, where small drug peptides or nucleic acids can be delivered into target cells or where CPPs are conjugated to imaging agents such as fluorescent dyes or radiolabeled molecules they can be used for in vivo or in vitro imaging in diagnostics.</p>

<p>LLO (91 - 99)</p>

<p>Cyclo[Arg-Ala-Asp-D-Tyr-Lys(PEG)] is a peptide containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) as spacer to alter their pharmacokinetic properties and pharmodynamics.</p>

<p>Graft versus host (GVH) rejection has been linked to the mismatch of minor histocompatibility (H) antigens even when matched for the major antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The minor H antigens are encoded by autosomal and Y chromosome genes, they function as supports to MHC during synthesis. The prevention of GVH disease induced by minor H antigens is currently managed with immunosuppression. Using models and H antigen epitopes can provide research in to how GVH disease could be better managed by inducing tolerance. Mice are the preferred model for H antigen research due to their homogeneity apart from the Y chromosomal genes of the males. The peptide provided here is the T-cell epitope for the male-specific transplantation antigen (H-Y). It was derived from the mouse ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat gene on the Y chromosome (Uty) protein. Uty HY Peptide has been used to investigate transplantation tolerance of male to female grafts by inhibiting the effector CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses.</p>

<p>Native Melan-A (26-35) decapeptide derives from the melanocyte lineage-specific protein Melan-A/MART-1, which is expressed in almost 75-100% of primary and metastatic melanomas.<br>The region 26-35 of Melan-A protein acts as an antigenic peptide that is recognized by CD8+ tumor-reactive cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) for designing antigen-specific cancer vaccines1. It has been shown that CD8+ Melan-A-specific CTLs isolated from melanoma patients efficiently lyse the Melan-A-expressing HLA-A*0201+ melanoma cell line. However, CTLs preferentially recognize the Melan-A (26-35) peptide as compared with the Melan-A (27-35) peptide. Moreover, the Melan-A (26-35) A27L analog (ELAGIGILTV) has a higher binding affinity to HLA-A*0201 than the native Melan-A (26-35) peptide (EAAGIGILTV), and consequently displays more potent antigenicity and immunogenicity.<br>It has been reported that the concentration of Melan-A (26-35) A27L analog required to obtain 50% of maximal antigenic activity (EC50) is 0.01nM, whereas that of the native Melan-A (26-35) peptide is 0.25nM1. Therefore, the relative activity of Melan-A (26-35) A27L analog is 25 fold higher than that of the native Melan-A (26-35) peptide.<br>Furthermore, functional competition assay has shown that the concentration of Melan-A (26-35) A27L analog required to achieve 50% inhibition (IC50) of tumor lysis is 2nM, which is 10 fold lower than that of the native Melan-A (26-35) peptide. Regarding peptide stability in human serum, the half-lifes (t1/2) of the native Melan-A (26-35) peptide and the A27L analog are quite similar (45 and 40min, respectively) as measured by HPLC-ESI-MS, but much higher than that of the Melan-A (27-35) nonapeptide (5min).</p>

<p>Natalizumab LC46-58 KGN deimmunised</p>

<p>Influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) residues 147-155 (TYQRTRALV) is from a conserved region of the nucleoprotein that is positively selected. NP (147-155) is an effective immunodominant CTL epitope MHC allele H-2Kd in mice that can induce an effective antigen-specific immunity. This was validated by HLA binding and cytotoxicity assays in human cells.  Immunisation of mice with the NP (147-155) offers protection against a fatal dosage of influenza. In addition, the NP (147-155) epitope can stimulate antigen-specific T cells in T cell assays such as ELISPOT to understand humoral responses to viral infection. Further work with the NP (147-155) epitope can help new flu vaccine design to provide more effective protection. This epitope is provided with a C-terminal biotin sequence for easier purification and detection.</p>

<p>Scrambled peptide of JAG-1(188-204). Jagged - 1 is a cell surface ligand for in the Notch pathway. Notch receptors and ligands are present on the extracellular service of cells and require cell-cell contact for engagement. Ligand binding to Notch receptors results in the proteolytic cleavage of membrane-bound Notch receptors, thus allowing the intercellular region to be transported to the nucleus and become a transcriptional activator. The ligand-induced Notch activation is regulated by E3 ubiquitin ligases, Mindbomb1 (Mib-1) and Neuralized.JAG1 is widely expressed throughout mammalian development, across many tissues and developmental stages. Notch signalling plays a critical role in cellular fate determination including muscle cell differentiation, neurogenesis, and the development of the sensory regions of the inner ear- heart- kidney- eye- lung and other tissues.Jag-1 has been implicated in breast- cervical- colorectal- endometrial- gastric- head and neck- ovarian- hepatocellular- lung- pancreatic- prostate, and kidney and adrenocortical cancers, leukemia and lymphoma. Co-overexpression of Notch-1 and Jagged-1 predicts the poorest overall cancer survival. JAG1 mutations have also been associated Alagille syndrome.</p>

<p>Flagellin is the structural protein which forms the major portion of bacterial flagella filaments. The N- and C- terminals of flagellin are highly conserved regions, whereas the central core can vary greatly between bacterial species. Flagellin 22 (flg22) is the most conserved stretch of amino acids across bacterial species and is located towards the N-terminal of flagellin.Flg22 is a potent elicitor of plant immune responses and is recognised in plants by the membrane bound leucine-rich repeat-receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2). Flg22 induces defence gene expression to trigger both local and systemic immune responses and is thus widely used in plant defence studies.Truncated flagellin 22 (flg22-θ”2) represents amino acids 1-20 of flg22. It is a strong and selective agonist of tomato FLS2, with weak agonist activity towards Arabidopsis FLS2 even at high concentrations.</p>

<p>Trans-activator of transcription (TAT) is a key protein from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). SIVs are retroviruses which cause often non-pathogenic infections of members of the simian species (monkey). Human immunodeficiency virus strains (HIV) developed from the SIV's. During HIV infection a small amount of TAT protein is produced early on which binds to an RNA stem-loop structure, the trans-activating response element (TAR), located at the 5' ends of HIV-1 transcripts, this binding results in increased production of full-length viral RNA. This positive feedback loop allows HIV to have an explosive response once a threshold level of TAT is produced, helping it defeat the bodies immune response. TAT protein also associates with RNA polymerase II complexes during early transcription elongation. TAT is also released into the host bloodstream where it can be absorbed by neighbouring, uninfected cells. TAT is toxic to these cells and induces apoptosis and inhibition of T-cell proliferation, thus assisting in the progression toward AIDS. Thus, TAT appears to be involved in both host immune suppression and viral dissemination.TAT is being investigated as a therapeutic target and as an agent to be used in a potential HIV vaccine.</p>

<p>Haemagglutinin (HA) peptide YPYDVPDYA – HA Tag</p>

<p>Gastrin-1 Rat.</p>

<p>Tetanus Toxin (1174-1189) is a protein that is derived from the single-chain polypeptide neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani. The neurotoxins produced by Clostridium tetani are among the most potent molecules known to humankind. Once in the body, the toxin binds to the basal lamina at the neuromuscular junction. From here, the toxin is transported to inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord, where it prevents the release of neurotransmitters, which causes spastic paralysis.</p>

<p>Portion of Influenza NP</p>

<p>EBV BRLF1 (148-156) (HLA-A3) is an immunodominant CEF control peptide that is derived from the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV targets B cells, which can cause lytic infection and the consequent death of these cells. Natural killer (NK) cells, invariant (iNKT) cells, CD4T cells and CD8 T cells are essential to control the action of EBV-infected cells. EBV BRLF1 (148-156) (HLA-A3) is defined as a CEF control peptide due to its antigenic properties. Clinically, this peptide is a suitable epitope for CD8+ T cells and can be used to stimulate the release of IFNg. HLA-A3 refers to the cell HLA type that this peptide acts on.The BRLF1 protein is a transcriptional activator that interacts with the amino and carboxy termini of the CREB-binding protein (CBP). CBP activates the lytic EBV gene SM, meaning the interaction between CBP and BRLF1 is responsible for EBV particles switching from latent to lytic viral replication.</p>

<p>This C-terminal Sortagging peptide acts as a (oligo)glycine nucleophile in the final steps of a sortagging protein labelling reaction. This reaction results in the [Cys(AF488)] fluorescent moiety being attached to the C-terminus of the target protein or peptide.A substrate peptide containing the LPXTG motif is recognised and cleaved by the enzyme Sortase A (SrtA) from Staphylococcus aureus. The catalytic cysteine residue in the active site of SrtA, serves as a nucleophile to cleave the peptide bond between threonine and glycine of the substrate peptide. Cleavage results in the formation of a thioacyl intermediate between the substrate peptide and SrtA. This intermediate is then resolved by the N-terminus of this (oligo)glycine nucleophile peptide, resulting in the creation of a new peptide bond that links the substrate peptide to this peptide and its fluorescent dye.  This method of protein labelling is known as sortagging.This peptide contains the AF488 fluorescent dye AF488 is a bright green dye with excitation at 488 nm, it is water soluble and stable from pH 4 to pH 10.</p>

<p>Hepidin-9 (mouse), a trifluoroacetate Salt product, is a variant of the peptide hormone hepcidin-25 that is produced in mice. Hepcidin plays a critical role in regulating iron metabolism in the body by controlling the activity of ferroportin, a protein that facilitates the export of iron from cells into the bloodstream.<br>In mice, hepcidin is primarily produced in the liver, and its expression is regulated by a variety of factors, including iron status, inflammation, and erythropoietic signals. Hepcidin has been found to play a critical role in the development of iron-related disorders in mice, including anemia and iron overload.<br>The study of Hepcidin-9 can provided important insights into the regulation of iron metabolism in mammals and may help to inform the development of treatments for iron-related disorders in humans.</p>

<p>GALA is a synthetic pH sensitive peptide designed to better understand viral fusion proteins interaction with membranes. This could ultimately lead to better drug delivery systems by more efficient cell entry and escape from the endosome to enter the nucleus.GALA is 30 amino acids long, sufficient to span the lipid bilayer. The EALA repeats are designed to create a hydrophobic face that can allow lipid interaction when GALA is in an alpha helical conformation. Glutamic acid is inserted with the EALA repeats to create a pH-dependent negatively charged sidechain.  In neutral pH conditions GALA is in a random coil conformation. In acidic conditions (pH 5) GALA forms an amphipathic helix which can bind to the lipid bilayer. The interaction varies depending on the composition of the lipid membrane. Most importantly, interaction with negative or neutrally-charge bilayers leads to the formation of a transbilayer pore formed of approximately 10 GALA peptides. GALA has already been utilised for this purpose at low pH to deliver genes into the nucleus of cells in vitro. The composition of the membrane effects the formation and bilayer-destabilizing properties of GALA however, GALA has a strong potential for future applications for the delivery of genes, DNA and drugs into the cell.</p>

<p>CBL (598-612) Light.</p>

<p>Des-n-octanoyl-[Ser3]-ghrelin (DOG) is an analog of ghrelin. It has been shown to reduce food intake in rats and humans. DOG reduces the amount of ghrelin that is released from the stomach, which leads to a reduction in appetite. The mechanism by which this occurs is not clear, but it may be related to its effect on neurons in the hypothalamus or other parts of the brain that regulate feeding behavior. DOG also has effects on cells in the pancreas, liver, and adipose tissue that are involved in regulating blood glucose levels and energy metabolism.</p>