Peptides

<p>Histone H3 (30-41) K36Me2 is derived from Histone 3 (H3) which is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) fundamental in compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Both H4 and H3 are highly conserved and perform roles in binding to segments of DNA which enter and leave the nucleosome and in chromatin formation. Similar to the other core histone, H3 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, 'histone tail' which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Due to histones containing a large number of lysine and arginine residues they have a positive net charge which interacts in an electrostatic manner with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. The transcriptional activation or silencing of the chromatin is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes which target histone proteins. Both processes function to alter to change the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA it to be either available to the transcription machinery or inaccessible.The Histone H3 (30-41) lysine 36 has been dimethylated.</p>

<p>Cyclo(CLLFVY) is a cyclic peptide which binds to the PAS-B domain of HIF-1alpha, thus inhibiting HIF-1 dimerisation and HIF-1 mediated hypoxia signalling.</p>

<p>The coronavirus (CoV) nucleoprotein is the major component of CoV structural proteins. The nucleoprotein has a critical role in virus assembly and RNA transcription. The nucleoprotein is essential in the formation of helical ribonucleoproteins and in regulating viral RNA synthesis. The nucleoprotein can also regulate infected host cellular mechanisms. It is highly expressed during infection and may induce protective immune responses against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.The nucleoprotein residues LSPRWYFYYLGTGPEAGL (104-121) from SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as a T-cell epitope with a predicted HLA restriction. Immune targeting of confirmed epitopes may potentially offer protection against SARS-CoV-2 and help the development of vaccines for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>Cell penetrating peptide with a repeating motif of cationic-nonpolar-cationic (C-N-C) residues, such repeating motifs are important features of membrane-penetrating peptides. This peptide is able to enhance the efficacy and uptake of peptide phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PPMOs) into bacterial cells. PPMOs are synthetic DNA mimics that bind cRNA and inhibit bacterial gene expression, however these antisense oligomers need help crossing the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria due to their molecular weight and polar characteristics. Cell penetrating peptide such as this, when attached to antisense oligomers can improve their entry into Gram-negative bacteria and increased their potency by orders of magnitude.</p>

<p>Acetly-Claudin-6 is derived from the tight junction protein Claudin-6 which is encoded by the CLDN6 gene and can be found within epithelial cell to cell contacts. The Claudin family are transmembrane proteins containing two extracellular loops and are involved in maintaining cell polarity and controlling paracellular ion flux.The expression of Claudin-6 is most commonly seen in early embryonic development where it plays a role in the regulation of blastocyst formation through tight junction enhancement. It is also an important factor for epidermal differentiation and barrier formation. Although it is more commonly seen in embryonic development it is also expressed in mammary epithelial cells. Studies have also shown Cldn6 to be a tumour suppressor in breast cancer.</p>

<p>Apelin-36 (human) is derived from the apelin peptide which acts as a ligand for the apelin receptor (APJ) G protein coupled receptor and is a substrate for angiotensin converting enzyme 2. Preprapelin, encoded for by APLN located on Xq25-26.1, is cleaved to form either apelin 36, apelin 17, apelin 13, or apelin 12. As a member of the adipokine hormone family, which are involved in processes such as vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis, apelin is secreted from adipose tissue.Both apelin and the apelin receptor are widely distributed around the body thus apelin has been found to be associated with cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes and cancer. Studies exploring myocardial infarction showed there to be greater apelin mRNA expression during human heart failure compared to in healthy tissue. Apelin protects against heart failure due to, the pyroglutamyl form of apelin, playing a role in decreasing infarct size of myocardial infarctions. Furthermore in rats with hypertension, the expression of apelin and APJ was decreased.</p>

<p>Mammalian bombesin-like neuropeptide- first isolated from pig spinal cord, which can stimulate rat uterine smooth muscle contraction and gastrin and somatostatin secretion in vitro. Increases blood pressure and pancreatic exocrine secretion in dogs.</p>

<p>Heat shock protein gp96 inhibitor which binds to and antagonizes gp96 mediated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cytokine production. Anti-inflammatory in a number of in vivo and in vitro models.</p>

<p>β-Amyloid 1-12 (Aβ1-12) is one of many short Aβ species found in vivo and is formed by the cleavage of amyloid β precursor protein by β- and α-secretase. Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then α-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.-Biotin is C-terminally linked to the peptide via ethylenediamine for convenient detection and purification. Alternative β-Amyloid fragments and labels are also available, please refer to our peptide catalogue for availability.</p>

<p>An immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) is a phosphorylation site consisting of a conserved sequence of four amino acids that is repeated twice in the cytoplasmic tails of cell-surface non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors. The major role of ITAMs is its involvement in the initiation of signalling pathway and the subsequent activation of immune cells. The motif has the following structure: YxxL/I. where xx are any two amino acids. Two of these signatures are typically separated by between 6 and 8 amino acids in the cytoplasmic tail of the molecule (YxxL/Ix(6-8)YxxL/I). ITAMs are found in the CD3 and θ¶-chains of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex. TCR is a multi-subunit receptor on the surface of T cells. TCR contains two ligand binding chains containing 20 phosphorylation sites, distributed on 10 ITAMs. The TCR θ¶-chain is a homodimer subunit that contains six ITAMs (12 sites). These sites are phosphorylated by the membrane-anchored Src family tyrosine kinase Lck and Fyn and are dephosphorylated by the transmembrane phosphatases CD148 and CD45. When both tyrosines in an ITAM are phosphorylated they generate docking sites for the tandem SH2 domains of the cytosolic tyrosine kinase ZAP-70. Bound ZAP-70 can phosphorylate tyrosines on other substrates that initiate the signal transduction that leads to T cell activation. The multiple ITAMs on the TCR function mainly to amplify subsequent signalling.T cells rely on the TCR to recognize antigens, in the form of peptides bound to major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), on the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells. Binding of TCR to antigen-MCH complexes leads to proliferation, differentiation, and the secretion of effector cytokines, contributing to the elimination of infections.</p>

<p>Histone 4 (H4) is one of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) which are essential for compacting eukaryotic DNA into the nucleosome. Due to the high lysine and arginine content, histones have a net positive charge and therefore electrostatically interact with negatively charged DNA. The nucleosome arises when 147 base pairs of DNA wrap around a H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers, forming the histone octamer core. Like other core histones, H4 has a globular domain and a flexible N-terminal domain, the histone tail, which can undergo modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination.Gene transcriptional activation or inactivation is controlled by ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling factors and histone modifying enzymes. Both processes function to alter the positioning of the nucleosome, allowing the DNA within to be either accessible to the transcription machinery or inaccessible. H4's lysine rich tail plays a role in the higher order chromatin folding.</p>

<p>The HSA (549-558) peptide is derived from human serum albumin (HSA), a protein present in the blood plasma. It is involved in the transportation of compounds through the blood stream, the maintenance of osmotic blood pressure and could be used to improve drug delivery.</p>

Fluorescently labelled substrate for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus main protease (SARS-CoV Mpro). The substrate sequence is derived from residues P4-P5' of the SARS-CoV Mpro N-terminal autoprocessing site which has the sequence AVLQSGFRK. SARS-CoV Mpro is a key antiviral target.This peptide contains an N-terminal a 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (5-TAMRA), a widely used fluorescent dye which excites at 546 nm and emits at 579 nm and a black hole quencher 2 (BHQ-2) group. This Mpro substrate is used in Mpro inhibition assays. The compound being tested for its inhibitory capacity of Mpro is added alongside [5-TAMRA]/[Lys(BHQ-2)]-CoV, after a set time period, the amount of fluorescence released is read as a percentage inhibition by a plate reader.The fluorescence from 5-TAMRA is efficiently quenched by resonance energy transfer to the BHQ-2 group when the peptide is intact, however upon cleavage of the peptide by Mpro, 5-TAMRA and BHQ-2 are separated, allowing fluorescence to be detected. This therefore represents a useful tool for investigating Mpro activity.

<p>Cathelicidin-related anti-microbial peptide (CRAMP) is the mouse homologue of the human LL-37 anti-microbial peptide. CRAMP possesses potent anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains with no haemolytic activity. As well as displaying direct anti-microbial activity, CRAMP also binds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to neutralise its activity. CRAMP is encoded for by the Cramp gene which is highly expressed in bone marrow and up-regulated by infectious and inflammatory signals, CRAMP is secreted by cells such as neutrophils epithelial cells and macrophages. This peptide represents the mature, extended, form of CRAMP, longer than the 34 amino acid peptide originally isolated from the bone marrow of mice. CRAMP (1-39) has enhanced anti-microbial activity compared to CRAMP (6-39).</p>

<p>The optimal proteolytic substrate for mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (MALT1). MALT1 is an arginine-specific protease which cleaves after the C-terminal arginine residue. This peptide can be used to test MALT1 protease activity with the addition of an appropriate C-terminal tag.MALT1 has both adaptor and protease functions and is involved in controlling antigen receptor-mediated signalling to nuclear factor KB (NF-KB). When activated, MALT1 forms a complex with B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10 (BCL10) and caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 11(CARD11)/CARD-containing MAGUK protein 1 (CARMA1), which results in NF-KB nuclear translocation. The protease function of MALT1 promotes gene transcription by inactivating negative regulators of NF-KB and JNK signalling, such as A20, RELB and CYLD. MALT1-dependent cleavage of the RNAse MCPIP1 (also known as Regnase-1) is then thought to lead to the stabilization of the resulting transcripts.</p>

<p>The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 13 (NSP13) has been identified as a target for anti-viral therapeutics due to its highly conserved sequence and is essential for viral replication.  NSP13 is part of the helicase superfamily 1B. As an NTPase and RNA helicase, NSP13 binds to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and acts in concert with the replication-transcription complex to stimulate backtracking and further activate NSP13 helicase activity. These factors make NSP13 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP13 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP13 (246-260) is an epitope candidate with various predicted HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

Octreotide is a synthetic somatostatin analogue used for the treatment of acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumours. In clinical settings, Octreotide is used for the treatment of vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumours, growth hormone producing tumours, and pituitary tumours. Octreotide also displays efficacy in the treatment of cluster headaches, acute haemorrhage from liver cirrhosis, malignant bowel obstruction, and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Octreotide exerts its organ protective effects through several mechanisms, including its ability to decrease the levels of endotoxin and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1β, and by inhibiting hepatocellular apoptosis. Octreotide also exerts a protective effect in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (HIR) injury, which often occurs after complex liver surgeries such as major resection or transplantation.

<p>PTD-4 cell penetrating peptide labelled at the N-terminus with an alkyne attachment for ease of reaction with an opposite Click reactive partner (azide).</p>

<p>Portion of EBV</p>

<p>Neurokinin B (NKB) is a member of the tachykinin family of peptides that include substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), endokinins and haemokinins. NKB is encoded by TAC3 in humans and Tac2 in rodents and along with the neuropeptide kisspeptin plays an essential role as gatekeeper of puberty.NKB plays a stimulatory role in luteinising hormone (LH) release in a number of species, likely mediated via the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in a kisspeptin-dependent manner (NKB appears to play a critical role in the control of kisspeptin release). NKB may contribute to the regulation of reproductive functions by metabolic cues. NKB binds with highest affinity to the G-protein coupled neurokinin-3 receptor NK3R also known as tachykinin receptor 3 (TACR3)</p>

Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS.Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.Supplied as the TFA salt

<p>BMAP-27 is a member of the cathelicidin family and is a potent inhibitor of microbial growth, however at higher concentrations it is also cytotoxic to mammalian cells. BMAP-18 has rapid bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Escherichia coli.BMAP-18 has low toxicity to mammalian cells, insect cells and the tsetse bacterial symbiont Sodalis glossinidius while retaining an ability to kill a variety of species and life cycle stages of pathogenic kinetoplastid parasites including African trypanosomes, fish trypanosomes and Leishmania parasites. BMAP-18 also has immunomodulatory activity.</p>

Peptide H-SLEGSDDAVLLQR^-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. This peptide is available for purchase at Cymit Quimica in multiple sizes and with a specification of your choice.

<p>Amino acids 6-39 of the cathelicidin-related anti-microbial peptide (CRAMP), the mouse homologue of the human LL-37 anti-microbial peptide.CRAMP possesses potent anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains with no haemolytic activity. As well as displaying direct anti-microbial activity, CRAMP also binds to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to neutralise its activity.CRAMP is a cationic peptide, encoded for by the Camp gene and is highly expressed in bone marrow. Its expression is up-regulated by infectious and inflammatory signals and it is secreted by cells such as neutrophils epithelial cells and macrophages.This peptide contains N-terminal 5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM), a widely used, green fluorescent tag</p>

<p>SARS-CoV-2 NSP7 is part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase heterotetramer for mediating coronavirus RNA synthesis. NSP7 and NSP8 form a channel to confer processivity on RNA polymerase. In addition, NSP7 aids in stabilising NSP12 regions involved in RNA binding and is essential for a highly active NSP12 polymerase complex. These factors make NSP7 a good target for developing new antiviral drugs. In addition, the identification of epitopes within the NSP7 sequence can help design more effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Models have predicted epitopes exhibiting antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. NSP7 (6-20) is an epitope candidate with various HLA restrictions. This epitope can be used to better vaccine design for more durable CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for long-lasting immunity.</p>

<p>This peptide represents part of the capsid protein, which forms the shell, of adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8). This peptide has high major histocompatibility (MHC) affinity, and the MHC restriction has been identified as a H-2 Dd binder. This epitope can therefore simulate CD8+ T cells and can elicit a robust response from interferon γ (IFN-γ), a cytokine critical for innate immunity and adaptive immunity against viral, and some bacterial and protozoal infections.CD8+ T cells (often called cytotoxic T lymphocytes, or CTLs) are generated in the thymus and express the dimeric co-receptor, CD8, on their surface. CD8+ T cells can recognise peptides presented by MHC class I molecules, which are found on all nucleated cells. CD8+ T cells are important for defence against intracellular pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, and for tumour surveillance, however, they can also contribute to excessive immune responses that leads to immune-mediated damage.AAV8 is a non-disease causing virus that can infect humans and can integrate into the host cell genome. Gene therapy vectors have been created using AAV8 which can persist in an extrachromosomal state without integrating into the genome of the host cell and show promise in recent human clinical trials.</p>

<p>D11-FxxLF Coactivator peptide.</p>

<p>CD44 binding peptide derived from residues 136-143 of the connecting peptide domain of human urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). Modulates CD44-mediated cell signalling but does not bind to the uPA receptor or interfere with the uPA/uPAR interaction.  Inhibits migration, invasion, and metastasis of tumour cells in animal models.</p>

<p>MitP cell penetrating peptide labelled at the N-terminus with an alkyne attachment for ease of reaction with an opposite Click reactive partner (azide).</p>

<p>Leptin is a member of the adipocytokines or adipokines group of cytokines which are primarily produced in adipose tissue. Leptin is both a hormone involved in multiple endocrine functions, bone metabolism and thermoregulation, and a cytokine that promotes inflammatory responses. People with obesity have elevated levels of leptin. This contributes to the state of low-grade inflammation that makes those individuals more likely to develop cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes, degenerative disease and autoimmune disease. Reduced levels of leptin, found in malnourished individuals, has been linked to an increased risk of infection and reduced cell-mediated immunity.Leptin binds to leptin receptors (ObRs), of which there are at least six isoforms (ObRa, ObRb, ObRc, ObRd, ObRe, and ObRf). This fragment of leptin has been shown to restrict weight gain and food intake in female mice lacking active leptin.</p>

<p>PAF19 is an antimicrobial peptide with activity against fungi that cause postharvest decay in fruits. It inhibits the in vitro growth of strains of Penicillium italicum, Penicillium digitatum, and Botrytis cinerea, however it is ineffective against other filamentous fungi (including some that belong to the genus Penicillium) and several yeast and bacterial strains.</p>

Secretin is a gastrointestinal hormone secreted by S cells in the small intestine, targeting G-protein coupled secretin receptors in numerous cell types. Secretin is synthesised from the preprohormone pro-secretin and is involved in regulating gastric acid and bicarbonate ion secretion in the duodenum and regulating water homeostasis. During glucose intake, secretin stimulates the pancreas to release insulin.Secretin has clinical relevance as a method to detect gastrin-producing tumours. Administration of exogenous secretin to the duodenum for secretin stimulation test to occur. Secretin can also be used to detect pancreatic insufficiencies via s administration during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). This allows the detection of inflammatory and neoplastic conditions of the pancreas.Secretin plays a different role in the central nervous system, such that in secretin deficient mice, synaptic plasticity and hippocampal synaptic activity are altered. Thus, secretin can be categorised as a neuropeptide.

<p>Balteatide is a novel antimicrobial peptide (AMP) isolated from the skin secretion of wild Peruvian purple-sided leaf frogs,-Phyllomedusa baltea. Balteatide has activity against the Gram-positive bacterium,-Staphylococcus aureus- the Gram-negative bacterium,-Escherichia coli- and the yeast,-Candida albicans- against which, unusually, it is most potent. Bateatide is also devoid of haemolytic activity up to concentrations of 512 mg/L.Balteatide is C-terminally amidated which is common in AMP as it effectively removes a membrane-repelling negative charge and replaces it with a hydrophobic membrane-interacting group. AMPs are a fundamental component of innate immunity/molecular defence across most forms of life and act in a membranolytic fashion to destroy the integrity of microorganisms.Balteatide differs from the myotropic peptide, sauvatide, by just one amino acid (I at position 9 in balteatide and T in sauvatide), however sauvatide displayed little or no antimicrobial activity and balteatide is devoid of myotropic activity.</p>

<p>Protease activated receptors (PARs) are a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) widely expressed in inflammatory cells. PARs are cleaved by certain serine proteases to expose a tethered ligand domain, this ligand domain then binds to and activates the receptors to initiate multiple signalling cascades. These PAR-activating proteases therefore represent PAR agonists. This PAR-2 agonist peptide represents the sequence of the 'tethered ligand' and is therefore capable of activating the receptor independently of N-terminal proteolysis.This peptide has been shown to elicit a range of cellular responses including- histamine release from skin mast cells- IL-8 and lactoferrin secretion from peripheral blood neutrophils- increased vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression- release of IL-8 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) from bronchial fibroblasts- secretion of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), and MMP-10 from epithelial cells- and production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in the skin of mice and its release from T cells.PAR activation has been linked to inflammation and an increase in PAR-2 expression is seen in patients with septic shock.- Therefore compounds that-mimic or interfere with the PAR-activating processes are attractive therapeutic candidates.</p>

<p>N-terminal tryptic peptide of parathyroid hormone (PTH), used for quantification and optimisation in LC-MS/MS assays.PTH is an 84-amino-acid polypeptide hormone (PTH 1-84) which is secreted by the parathyroid glands along with its fragments (such as PTH 1-34 and PTH 7-84). PTH increases calcium and decrease phosphate levels in the blood and the abundance of PTH-derived peptides is regulated by blood calcium levels. PTH inhibits the bone growth-promoting activity of osteoblasts and induces osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium and phosphate ions into the blood. PTH binds to and activates the receptor parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHR1). PTHR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which regulates mineral ion homeostasis, bone turnover and skeletal development</p>

<p>Represents the extracellular region of amyloid β peptide (Aβ). This region may be responsible for the conformational changes seen in Aβ and is cytotoxic in vitro.Aβ has been identified as the key subunit of the extracellular plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). Aβ has therefore been extensively studied as a potential target for treatment of AD.Aβ is formed from the cleavage of the large, transmembrane protein- APP (amyloid precursor protein). Cleavage of APP by β- and then &amp;γ-secretases results in the formation of Aβ. Aβ can aggregate to produce amyloid-β oligomers, which are thought to be highly neurotoxic. Over time Aβ can further aggregate to produce the characteristic senile plaques present in AD and DS. Aβ can be degraded by enzymes such as neprilysin, insulin degrading enzyme or endothelin converting enzyme. At physiological levels Aβ may be involved in controlling synaptic activity and neuronal survival.</p>

<p>Eα antigen peptide, known to bind with high affinity to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule IAb. MHC class II molecules are normally found on antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells, mononuclear phagocytes, endothelial cells, thymic epithelial cells and B cells and they present antigens derived from extracellular proteins. Eα peptide bound to IAb is specifically recognized by Y-Eα antibody.This peptide contains a C-terminal biotin tag for simple detection and purification.  The linker is ethylenediamine.</p>

<p>The progress of cardiovascular disease (CVD) comes from the damage and necrosis of cardiomyocytes. Although treatment has improved, once these cells are damaged, they cannot be recovered. Therefore, further research into cardiomyocytes is vital. Cardiomyocytes need to be in an exceedingly pure culture for research work. However, this requires identification of these cells from the ESCs present. With the use of a phage biopanning library, this sequence has been shown to have a high affinity to a receptor on the membrane surface of mouse ESC-derived cardiomyocytes. The functionality of this sequence allows it to be used a conjugate for drug or gene delivery to target cardiomyocytes or to purify cardiomyocytes in a research setting.</p>

<p>Peptide derived from vitronectin, the mammalian glycoprotein which plays a key role in tissue repair and remodelling. Its properties as an adhesive protein allow mammalian cells in serum to interact with culture vessels.</p>

<p>HIV-1 replication is rapid and error prone which is beneficial to the virus as it allows mutations to arise that aid evasion of the host immune system and resistance to drug treatment. RT is the key target for most anti-HIV drugs and therefore conserved sequences are useful to aid further research into new less toxic antiviral treatments.  HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) converts the RNA genome into DNA during retroviral replication. HIV-1 RT is a heterodimer composed of 2 subunits, p66 and p51. HIV-1 RT heterodimer has 2 enzymatic functions, DNA polymerase and Rnase H resulting in nucleic acid translation to a linear DNA duplex. Complete inhibition of viral replication is the only known method of preventing HIV-1 drug resistance and disease progression.HIV RT epitopes have become a useful research tool as an in vitro antigenic challenge to study cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to retroviruses. The HIV-1 RT A2-YI9 sequence has been shown to be an effective epitope for CTL recognition leading to lysis of HIV-infected T cells. The A2-YI9 is also considered a potential for vaccine development due to it being a well conserved sequence. Synthesised HIV-1 RT A2-YI9 is provided here with N-terminal acetylation to mimic the charge of the native peptide more closely. The epitope is also available without acetylation from our catalogue.</p>

<p>Cyclic AC253 is an antagonist of the amylin receptor with neuroprotective effects against Aβ toxicity. Cyclic AC253 eliminates Aβ-induced impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation and is able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier.</p>

<p>This C-terminal Sortagging peptide acts as a (oligo)glycine nucleophile in the final steps of a sortagging protein labelling reaction. This reaction results in the [Cys(AF488)] fluorescent moiety being attached to the C-terminus of the target protein or peptide.A substrate peptide containing the LPXTG motif is recognised and cleaved by the enzyme Sortase A (SrtA) from Staphylococcus aureus. The catalytic cysteine residue in the active site of SrtA, serves as a nucleophile to cleave the peptide bond between threonine and glycine of the substrate peptide. Cleavage results in the formation of a thioacyl intermediate between the substrate peptide and SrtA. This intermediate is then resolved by the N-terminus of this (oligo)glycine nucleophile peptide, resulting in the creation of a new peptide bond that links the substrate peptide to this peptide and its fluorescent dye.  This method of protein labelling is known as sortagging.This peptide contains the AF488 fluorescent dye AF488 is a bright green dye with excitation at 488 nm, it is water soluble and stable from pH 4 to pH 10.</p>

<p>EBV BRLF1 (148-156) (HLA-A3) is an immunodominant CEF control peptide that is derived from the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV targets B cells, which can cause lytic infection and the consequent death of these cells. Natural killer (NK) cells, invariant (iNKT) cells, CD4T cells and CD8 T cells are essential to control the action of EBV-infected cells. EBV BRLF1 (148-156) (HLA-A3) is defined as a CEF control peptide due to its antigenic properties. Clinically, this peptide is a suitable epitope for CD8+ T cells and can be used to stimulate the release of IFNg. HLA-A3 refers to the cell HLA type that this peptide acts on.The BRLF1 protein is a transcriptional activator that interacts with the amino and carboxy termini of the CREB-binding protein (CBP). CBP activates the lytic EBV gene SM, meaning the interaction between CBP and BRLF1 is responsible for EBV particles switching from latent to lytic viral replication.</p>

<p>Portion of Influenza NP</p>

<p>Tetanus Toxin (1174-1189) is a protein that is derived from the single-chain polypeptide neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani. The neurotoxins produced by Clostridium tetani are among the most potent molecules known to humankind. Once in the body, the toxin binds to the basal lamina at the neuromuscular junction. From here, the toxin is transported to inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord, where it prevents the release of neurotransmitters, which causes spastic paralysis.</p>

<p>Gastrin-1 Rat.</p>

<p>Haemagglutinin (HA) peptide YPYDVPDYA – HA Tag</p>

<p>Trans-activator of transcription (TAT) is a key protein from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). SIVs are retroviruses which cause often non-pathogenic infections of members of the simian species (monkey). Human immunodeficiency virus strains (HIV) developed from the SIV's. During HIV infection a small amount of TAT protein is produced early on which binds to an RNA stem-loop structure, the trans-activating response element (TAR), located at the 5' ends of HIV-1 transcripts, this binding results in increased production of full-length viral RNA. This positive feedback loop allows HIV to have an explosive response once a threshold level of TAT is produced, helping it defeat the bodies immune response. TAT protein also associates with RNA polymerase II complexes during early transcription elongation. TAT is also released into the host bloodstream where it can be absorbed by neighbouring, uninfected cells. TAT is toxic to these cells and induces apoptosis and inhibition of T-cell proliferation, thus assisting in the progression toward AIDS. Thus, TAT appears to be involved in both host immune suppression and viral dissemination.TAT is being investigated as a therapeutic target and as an agent to be used in a potential HIV vaccine.</p>

<p>Flagellin is the structural protein which forms the major portion of bacterial flagella filaments. The N- and C- terminals of flagellin are highly conserved regions, whereas the central core can vary greatly between bacterial species. Flagellin 22 (flg22) is the most conserved stretch of amino acids across bacterial species and is located towards the N-terminal of flagellin.Flg22 is a potent elicitor of plant immune responses and is recognised in plants by the membrane bound leucine-rich repeat-receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2). Flg22 induces defence gene expression to trigger both local and systemic immune responses and is thus widely used in plant defence studies.Truncated flagellin 22 (flg22-θ”2) represents amino acids 1-20 of flg22. It is a strong and selective agonist of tomato FLS2, with weak agonist activity towards Arabidopsis FLS2 even at high concentrations.</p>

<p>Scrambled peptide of JAG-1(188-204). Jagged - 1 is a cell surface ligand for in the Notch pathway. Notch receptors and ligands are present on the extracellular service of cells and require cell-cell contact for engagement. Ligand binding to Notch receptors results in the proteolytic cleavage of membrane-bound Notch receptors, thus allowing the intercellular region to be transported to the nucleus and become a transcriptional activator. The ligand-induced Notch activation is regulated by E3 ubiquitin ligases, Mindbomb1 (Mib-1) and Neuralized.JAG1 is widely expressed throughout mammalian development, across many tissues and developmental stages. Notch signalling plays a critical role in cellular fate determination including muscle cell differentiation, neurogenesis, and the development of the sensory regions of the inner ear- heart- kidney- eye- lung and other tissues.Jag-1 has been implicated in breast- cervical- colorectal- endometrial- gastric- head and neck- ovarian- hepatocellular- lung- pancreatic- prostate, and kidney and adrenocortical cancers, leukemia and lymphoma. Co-overexpression of Notch-1 and Jagged-1 predicts the poorest overall cancer survival. JAG1 mutations have also been associated Alagille syndrome.</p>