Enzyme Substrates

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Isocitric acid is the protonated analogue of isocitrate, a substrate of the citric acid cycle.<br>References Zhang, Q., et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 18931 (2011); Crowe, L.M., et al.: Arch. Biochem. Biophy., 242, 240, (1985);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Methylumbelliferyl 6-Sulfo-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside Sodium Salt is an analogue of 4-Methylumbelliferyl 6-Sulfo-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside Potassium Salt (M334950) which is shown to be a substrate for the lysosomal N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulphate sulphatase.<br>References He, W., et al.: J. inher. Metab. Dis., 16, 935 (1993)<br></p>

<p>Applications Phosphoglycolic Acid is used in studies pertaining to biological and metabolic processes. It can be used in the study of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (Ape) and its role in double strand break repair. It also has been seen to complex with cPEPCK (cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) during the study of its inhibition by various substrate analogues.<br>References Suh, D. et al.: Nucl. Acids Res., 25, 2495 (1997); Stiffin, R. et al.: Biochem., 47, 2099 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Applications Choline p-Toluenesulfonate Salt is a useful intermediate as well as a choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) substrate.<br>References Brockerhoff, H., et al.: N.K.N., Lipids, 14, 88 (1979);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Used in efficient synthesis of 1β-O-acyl glucuronides via regioselective acylation<br>References Meng, X., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 50, 6165 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications p-Nitrophenyl α-D-Galactopyranoside (cas# 7493-95-0) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br>References Anisha, G., et al.: Proc. Biochem., 44, 327 (2009), Bergstroem, M., et al.: Chem. Biol. Drug Des., 73, 132 (2009), Liu, Q., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 283, 8545 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications A substrate for cytochrome CYP2B6.<br>References Kabumoto, H., et al.: Biosci., Biotechnol., Biochem., 73, 1922 (2009), Maresca, A., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 53, 335 (2010), Si-Ahmed, K., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 51, 225 (2010),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 4-Nitrophenyl-α-L-arabinofuranoside is a substrate for the enzyme arabinofuranosidase.<br>References Tefsen, B., et. al.: Biol. Chem., 393, 767 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Glucose Pentasulfate is used as a reference standard for the drug Sucralfate (S692350(P)), which is an inhibitor of peptic hydrolysis and stomach acidity and used as an anti-ulcerative.<br>References Mayberr, J.F., et al.: Brit. J. Clin. Pract., 32, 291 (1978); Brogden, R.N., et al.: Drugs, 27, 194 (1984);<br></p>

<p>Applications Thymolphthalein Monophosphoric Acid Disodium Salt is a chromogenic substrate for the determination of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. It is a disodium salt form of Thymolphthalein Monophosphoric Acid which can be used as reactant/reagent in reaction of homodimer and heterodimer subunits of human prostate acid phosphatase.<br>References Lee, H., et al.: Biochem J, 277, 759 (1991)<br></p>

<p>Stability Moisture, Temperature sensitive<br>Applications Used as a substrate for the detection of sialidase-like enzyme in screening of enzymes, studying physiological activities of gangliosides, and recombinant technologies.<br>References Biorg. Med. Chem., 1, 147 (1993)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 4-Methylumbelliferyl β-D-N,N’,N”-Triacetylchitotrioside is a fluorogenic substrate of uniform, characterized structure for assays of lysozyme.<br>References Yang, Y., et al.: J. Biochem., 87, 1003 (1980)<br></p>

<p>Applications Acetylgalactosaminidase sequence substrate Clostridium Bifidobacterium. A fluorescent substrate for α2,3-(O)-Sialyltransferase<br>References Medina, M. et al.: Cancer Res. 59,1061-1070, (1999)<br></p>

<p>4-Methylumbelliferyl nonanoate is a fluorogenic substrate for lipase. After enzymatic cleaveage, free 4-methylumbelliferone (also known as hymecromone) is released, exhibiting blue fluorescence upon excitation with UV light. The strongest fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferone requires deprotonation of the hydroxyl group (thus requires alkaline pH), with a maximal fluorescence intensity obtained with excitation at 350 to 370 nm and emission at 440 to 470 nm. The use of 4-methylumbelliferyl nonanoateas a substrate for measuring the lipase activity is used for the detection of lipase deficiency that could lead to pancreatic insufficiency.</p>

<p>4-Trifluoromethylumbelliferyl β-D-galactopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate for beta-galactosidase&Tab;. Upon hydrolysis, the fluorogenic moiety (blueish) 4-trifluoromethylumbelliferone (also known as TFMU) is released. 4-Trifluoromethylumbelliferyl β-D-galactopyranoside is commonly used in bacterial detection and in LacZ gene expression assays.</p>

<p>2-Nitrophenyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside is a nitroaryl compound that can be synthesized from beta-D-galactopyranosides and nitric acid. It has a molecular conformation that is stabilized by hydrogen bonds, which allows it to form supramolecular assemblies with other molecules. The nitro group in this molecule is responsible for the formation of the nitro group in 1,2,4,5,-tetranitrobenzene.</p>

<p>PAIRED PRODUCT AVAILABLE: alpha-L-iduronidase Enzyme, FI179383.<br>4MU-alpha-L-idopyranosiduronic acid is a fluorogenic substrate for alpha-L-iduronidase. Active alpha-L-iduronidase cleaves the MU moiety from the synthetic substrate, which results in release of a fluorescent signal (Ex 360 nm / Em 455 nm). The reaction is stopped by the addition of sodium carbonate. 4MU-alpha-L-idopyranosiduronic acid is used in alpha-L-iduronidase assays in the context of biochemical characterisation of samples from patients affected by lysosomal storage disease mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I).</p>

<p>(+)-Biotin 4-amidobenzoic acid sodium salt, often referred as (+)-biotin PABA, is a fluorogenic substrate used to measure biotinidase activity, especially in newborn screening programs.</p>

<p>L-Proline 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin hydrobromide salt is a fluorogenic peptide substrate for proline-specific peptidase. This AMC peptide substrate is normally used to rapidly profile the N-terminal specificity of proteases.</p>

<p>Ostazin Brilliant Red H-3B Galactomannan is a chemiluminescent substrate used for the detection of β-1,4-galactomannans. It reacts with the glucose residues on the mannan backbone to produce a red fluorescent product. This product can be detected by spectrophotometry at an excitation wavelength of 395 nm and emission wavelength of 510 nm. The Ostazin Brilliant Red H-3B Galactomannan substrate is useful in detecting Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Group A streptococci, Group B streptococci, Group D streptococci, Group G streptococci, and Group C streptococci.</p>

<p>Nalpha-CBZ-L-Citrulline-p-nitroanilide is a synthetic chromogenic enzyme substrate used in protease enzymatic stutides. After hydrolysis, p-nitroaniline is released, which produces a yellow color detectable spectrophotometrically at 405 nm.</p>

<p>4-Methylumbelliferyl palmitate, commonly names as 4-MUP, is a fluorescent probe that binds to lipases, enzymes responsible to assist on the hydrolysis of fats. In diagnosis, 4-MUP is used for screening of lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) caused by a deficiency of a single enzyme involved in the metabolism of glycoproteins, lipids or mucopolysaccharides.</p>

<p>Aldol® 470 acetate is a Fluorogenic substrate that is used in enzymatic reactions to produce a fluorescent product. Aldol® 470 acetate can be used as a ligand or a chromogenic substrate. This product is also used in diagnostic tests, such as conjugates and chemiluminescence, to detect the presence of certain enzymes or microorganisms. It can be used in culture media to measure the amount of certain enzymes, such as phosphatases or proteases, and has been shown to have high purity and quality. This product has CAS No. 1318785-37-3, 1318785-38-4, 1318785-39-5, 1318785-40-6 and 1318785-41-7.</p>

<p>4-Nitrophenyl 4,6-benzylidene-alpha-D-maltoheptaoside is a chromogenic substrate for alpha-amylase. Upon hydrolysis, para-nitrophenol is released yielding a yellowish colour. 4-Nitrophenyl 4,6-benzylidene-alpha-D-maltoheptaoside is used in different applications such as the Starch digestion studies, industrial enzyme optimization</p>

<p>Luc-coliforms is a food testing kit that can be used to test for coliforms. It is composed of a series of enzyme substrates, culture media, and ligands specific to the bacteria being tested. The kit uses chromogenic or fluorogenic substrates that react with coliforms to produce a color change in the reaction mixture. Luc-coliforms is designed for use on solid foods such as meat, eggs, and vegetables.</p>

<p>Used for identification of Salmonella spp. by detection of caprylate esterase</p>

<p>Luc-coliforms Na is a high quality, chromogenic substrate for the detection of coliforms. It is used widely in the food industry to detect whether coliforms are present in milk, cheese, and other dairy products. Luc-coliforms Na provides a color change from yellow to blue when it reacts with coliforms and has a high pH range of 4.0-8.0. Luc-coliforms Na has a CAS number of 93824-43-4.</p>

<p>Luciferin-beta-D-galactoside is an acceptor in immunoassays. It is used as a label for specific antibodies and antigens, and the light emitted by this compound can be measured with a luminometer. Luciferin-beta-D-galactoside binds to the bacterial enzyme β-galactosidase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose to form glucose and galactose. Mammalian cells have been used as a source of β-galactosidase in order to measure luciferin-beta-D-galactoside activity. The substrate specificity of this enzyme has also been studied using mammalian tissue extracts.</p>

<p>4-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-a-D-glucopyranoside is a chromogenic pNP substrate specifically designed for the analysis of N-acetylglucosaminidase activity. Upon enzyme action, the substrate releases 4-nitrophenol, a yellow compound that can be detected by spectrophotometric methods, providing a reliable and sensitive means of quantifying enzyme activity. This versatile substrate is widely used in biochemical studies, disease diagnostics, and the enzyme production industry.</p>

<p>Aldol 584 is a chromogenic substrate that is used in enzymatic assays to detect the presence of an enzyme. It is a triethylammonium salt with beta-D-glucuronic acid. Aldol 584 is used in diagnostic procedures and can be used as a substrate for fluorogenic substrates and chemiluminescent substrates. This product has been shown to be effective in detecting the presence of bile in feces, erythrocyte hemolysis, and the presence of proteinases in human urine. It can also be used as a food testing agent or to measure bacterial activity in culture media.</p>

<p>For the detection of beta-galactosidase activity</p>

<p>Chromogenic substrate for α-glucanase</p>

<p>4-Nitrophenyl-beta-L-fucopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate used in the determination of alpha-glucosidase activity. The formation of phenol from 4-nitrophenyl leads to the production of a yellow color that can be quantified by measuring its absorbance at 490 nm. This assay is based on the principle that alpha-glucosidase hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose, which are then oxidized to form 4-nitrophenol and 4-nitroanomeric acid, respectively. The reaction product is detected by measuring the absorption at 490 nm.</p>

<p>5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-indolyl acetate is a chromogenic substrate that yields a magenta-colored product after cleavage. The chromophore 5-bromo-6-chloro-indoxyl is released, generating the observable color. It is used in bacterial esterase detection (e.g. Staphylococcus spp.).</p>

<p>Luciferin-alpha-D-galactoside, sodium salt is a fluorogenic substrate for use in food testing and environmental testing. It can be used as a chromogenic substrate for the detection of conjugates of bile acids and cholesterol. This product is also used in diagnostic medical tests, such as ligand binding assays, chemiluminescence, and bioluminescence.</p>