Antibióticos

<p>Griselimycin is an antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterial genus *Streptomyces*. This compound exhibits its mode of action by targeting bacterial protein synthesis, specifically binding to the DNA polymerase sliding clamp, thereby inhibiting replication and cell division in a range of bacterial pathogens. Griselimycin has been the focus of renewed scientific interest due to its potent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including multi-drug-resistant strains. The compound’s unique mode of action makes it a promising candidate for further development in the treatment of tuberculosis and potentially other bacterial infections that have developed resistance to more commonly used antibiotics. Advances in understanding its biosynthesis have facilitated semi-synthetic modifications, potentially enhancing its pharmacokinetic properties and antimicrobial spectrum. The applications of Griselimycin extend to research contexts where understanding resistance mechanisms and novel antibiotic development are critical. Continued exploration of this compound may contribute significantly to addressing the global challenge of antibiotic resistance.</p>

<p>Netropsin dihydrochloride is a pyrrole-amidine antibiotic with action on AT-rich sequences of DNA to inhibit replication and is used for research on DNA-binding properties and antiviral activity.</p>

<p>Apramycin sulfate is a semisynthetic antibiotic that inhibits the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. It is a sulfonamide and has been used in clinical isolates to treat bacterial infections. Apramycin sulfate inhibits the biosynthesis of folic acid, which is important for DNA synthesis and cell division. It also inhibits the production of RNA by binding to ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. Apramycin has been shown to have anticancer properties as well, with studies showing that it can inhibit tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.</p>

Monensin methyl ester is a neutral analog of monensin with action as an ionophore for sodium ion transport and is used for research in ion-selective electrodes and analytical chemistry.

<p>Albomitomycin A is an antibiotic compound, which is derived from the fermentation of specific Streptomyces species. This compound exhibits a unique mode of action by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacterial cells, specifically targeting the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interference with ribosomal function ultimately disrupts the production of essential proteins, leading to bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Antibacterial used in treatment of UTI and respiratory tract infections</p>

9-Deoxo-9a-aza-9a-homo erythromycin A is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the naturally occurring antibiotic erythromycin. This compound is structurally modified to enhance its pharmacokinetic properties and antibacterial spectrum. By altering the erythromycin molecule, 9-Deoxo-9a-aza-9a-homo erythromycin A introduces a nitrogen atom into the lactone ring, thereby modifying its interaction with bacterial ribosomes.

Amphotericin B is a macrocycle antibiotic first isolated from Streptomyces nodosus. Its antifungal activity is exerted by interacting with the fungal membrane, mainly ergosterol, and inducing pore formation. The increase in membrane permeability causes loss of ions and cell death. The C-2’ hydroxyl residue of the mycosamine carbohydrate moiety in the structure seems to have a major role in binding to ergosterol. It is used in cell culture to prevent growth of microbial contaminants, such as yeast and fungi. It is recommended by the WHO and CDC as an antifungal component for VTM at a concentration of 250ug/ml.

<p>Roxithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating respiratory, skin, and soft tissue infections.</p>

<p>Mitomycin A is an antitumor antibiotic with action on DNA cross-linking to inhibit replication and is used for treating various cancers and in research applications.</p>

Cefatrizine propylene glycol is a cephalosporin antibiotic with action against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is used for treating respiratory and skin infections.

<p>Pirazinecarboxamide (Pyrazinamide) is an antitubercular agent with action on Mycobacterium tuberculosis by disrupting membrane energetics and is used for treating tuberculosis in combination with other drugs.</p>

<p>Flavomycin - 8% premix is an antibacterial feed additive with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for promoting growth and improving feed efficiency in livestock and poultry.</p>

<p>Ceftizoxime sodium is a sodium salt form of ceftizoxime with similar action and applications as ceftizoxime.</p>

<p>D-Cycloserine is a antibiotic and NMDA receptor partial agonist with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and modulation of NMDA receptors and is used for treating tuberculosis and studying neuropsychiatric disorders.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of DNA replication; aminoglycoside class</p>

<p>Desfuroyl ceftiofur sodium is a veterinary cephalosporin antibiotic, which is derived from cephalosporin C, a beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to and inactivating penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This prevents the cross-linking of peptidoglycan layers, leading to cell lysis and bacterial death, particularly effective against Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria.</p>

<p>Validoxylamine A is an antibiotic, which is a secondary metabolite produced by certain strains of the Actinomyces species. It functions as a potent inhibitor of the enzyme glucose isomerase, which plays a crucial role in the isomerization of glucose to fructose, an important biochemical reaction in various microbial and plant systems.</p>

Ampicillin sodium is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin. It is sourced from the natural fermentation products of Penicillium fungi, followed by chemical modification. Ampicillin functions by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. This is achieved through the irreversible binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which play a crucial role in constructing the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. This interruption of cell wall synthesis leads to cell lysis and ultimately the death of the bacteria.

<p>Oleandomycin phosphate is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating respiratory tract infections and as a veterinary antibiotic.</p>

<p>Antibiotic of fluoroquinolone class; DNA replication inhibitor</p>

Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and Lyme disease.

<p>Difloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is a synthetic compound derived from chemical synthesis methods. Its source involves complex organic chemistry that modifies the quinolone backbone to enhance its antibacterial properties. Difloxacin functions by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are critical enzymes involved in DNA replication, transcription, and repair. This inhibition leads to the prevention of cellular division and ultimately results in bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Avibactam sodium is a β-lactamase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections in combination with ceftazidime. Its mode of action is similar to avibactam free acid</p>

<p>Inducer of DNA strand breaks; glycopeptide antibiotic, anti-neoplastic</p>

Ertapenem sodium is a carbapenem antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like intra-abdominal infections and pneumonia.

<p>Ethambutol 2HCl is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial agent with action on arabinosyl transferases to inhibit cell wall synthesis and is used for treating tuberculosis in combination with other antibiotics.</p>

<p>Tilmicosin is a macrolide antibiotic that is used in veterinary medicine. It is used to treat bovine respiratory disease and inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the bacteria resulting in reduced protein synthesis.</p>

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminocyclitol class

<p>Erythromycin thiocyanate is a macrolide antibiotic derivative with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research and pharmaceutical applications.</p>

<p>Gentamicin C2a sulfate is one epimeric form of the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin (a.k.a. gentamycin). Gentamicin interferes with the correct protein production in bacterial cells, by binding to the 16s rRNA at the 30s ribosomal subunit. Gentamicin is a natural mixture of four congeners, one of which is gentamicin C2a. Gentamicin is active against clinically relevant aerobic gram-negative bacteria. Gentamicin C2a has been shown to be biodegradable in the environment, to some extent.</p>

<p>Maduramicin ammonium is an anticoccidial agent with action on protozoal parasites by disrupting ion gradients and is used for preventing coccidiosis in poultry.</p>

<p>Broad spectrum, long-acting and lipid soluble tetracycline antibody</p>

<p>Puromycin is active against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Puromycin resistance gene (pac) is a common choice for the selection of mammalian cells since its first application in 1988, especially for therapeutic proteins in mammalian cells where it was used to produce high levels of protein of interest. Puromycin can also be used as a selection marker for Archea.</p>

<p>A thiopeptide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces actuosus. In addition, nosiheptide inhibits bacterial protein biosynthesis by acting during the elongation of the protein.</p>

Antibiotic; anti-protozoal; anti-helmintic; protein synthesis inhibitor

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic which inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by targeting the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. This second-generation fluoroquinolone has a broad spectrum of action and is more effective against Gram-negative bacteria.

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; steroid antibiotic</p>

<p>Pazufloxacin hydrochloride is a synthetic antibacterial agent, which is derived from the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics with a broad-spectrum activity against various bacterial pathogens. This compound, sourced through chemical synthesis, functions primarily by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are critical enzymes for DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. The inhibition of these enzymes leads to the disruption of bacterial DNA processes, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Herbicidin C is an antibiotic, which is derived from a microbial source, specifically from certain strains of actinobacteria. This compound functions as an inhibitor, interfering with specific metabolic pathways within target organisms. Its mode of action involves disrupting the synthesis of critical proteins, which are essential for cell survival and growth.</p>

<p>26-Hydroxyfusidic acid is a steroid antibiotic, which is derived from the Fusidium coccineum fungus. It exhibits its antibacterial effects by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Specifically, it targets the bacterial elongation factor G (EF-G), a critical component in the translocation step during protein elongation, ultimately stalling bacterial growth.</p>

Cefditoren acid sodium is an antibacterial agent that belongs to the class of third-generation cephalosporins, which is derived from Acremonium fungus and produced through chemical synthesis. This compound acts by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and death. It achieves this by binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall. The interruption of peptidoglycan synthesis in the cell wall is crucial for maintaining bacterial cell integrity, and its inhibition results in the bactericidal activity of cefditoren acid sodium. It is effective against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The key applications of this compound include the treatment of bacterial infections such as respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and other conditions caused by susceptible bacteria. Its spectrum of activity and pharmacokinetic properties make it suitable for situations where third-generation cephalosporins are indicated. Understanding the specific interaction with PBPs and the resistance mechanisms is crucial for optimizing its clinical use and managing antibiotic resistance.

<p>Ampicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes. Ampicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins in the bacterial cell wall by competitive inhibition. It prevents the formation of an antibiotic-inhibitor complex with the enzyme cell wall synthesis that is required for cell wall biosynthesis, inhibiting protein synthesis and cell division.</p>

<p>Lincomycin 2-Phosphate is a lincosamide antibiotic derivative with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is used for treating bacterial infections.</p>

<p>β-lactam antibiotic of penicillin subclass, which inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by targeting the proteoglycan synthesis. Cloxacillin has a narrow spectrum of action and is effective against Gram-positive organisms. Cloxacillin is resistant to the action of β-lactamase and therefore preferentially used for treatment of Staphylococcal infections.</p>

<p>Biapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins.</p>

<p>Aminoglycoside antibiotic; inhibits protein synthesis by inducing miscoding</p>

<p>Chloramphenicol is produced by Streptomyces venezuelae. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with bacteriostatic properties. It interferes with bacterial protein synthesis by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosome unit. Used as substrate in the CAT (chloramphenicol acetyl transferase) assay, where the CAT gene expression is monitored by the ability of a system to transform chloramphenicol into acetyl chloramphenicol, which can be followed by simple thin layer chromatography. It is employed in VTM to prevent bacterial growth during specimen storage and transportation.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell wall biogenesis; glycopeptide antibiotic</p>

Hygromycin B binds near the A site of 16S rRNA and induces errors in the code by inhibition of translocation of peptydil-tRNA, however to a lesser extent compared to other aminoglycosides. Hygromycin B is efficient against bacteria, fungi and other eukaryotic cells, but more often used for the selection of eukaryotic cells including yeasts, such as, P. pastoris and S. cerevisiae, and mammalian cell lines, such as, CHO.

<p>Methacycline HCl is a tetracycline antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating bacterial infections such as respiratory and urinary tract infections.</p>

Inhibitor of prokaryotic DNA gyrase, eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase and HSP90

A β-lactam antibiotic of monobactam subclass, which targets peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell wall. Aztreonam is effective against Gram-negative aerobic bacteria and is more resistant to β-lactamases than other β-lactam antibiotics.

<p>Inhibitor of bacterial cell wall biogenesis; cephalosporin</p>

<p>Inhibitor of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase; inhibitor of protein synthesis</p>

<p>Fostriecin is a potent anticancer agent, which is a natural product isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces pulveraceus. It acts primarily as an inhibitor of protein phosphatases, particularly protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and protein phosphatase 4 (PP4), functioning by blocking their catalytic activity. This inhibition disrupts cell cycle regulation, leading to apoptosis in cancer cells.</p>

<p>Nalidixic acid sodium salt is a sodium salt form of nalidixic acid with similar action and applications as nalidixic acid.</p>

Protein synthesis inhibitor; tetracycline class

3’(6’)-Dehydroclindamycin phosphate is a semi-synthetic compound and a impurity of clindamycin. This in turn is prepared from lincomycin. It has antibacterial and antiviral properties

<p>Chlortetracycline hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces aureofaciens*. It operates by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria through binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This mechanism effectively blocks the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, thereby preventing the addition of new amino acids to the nascent peptide chain.</p>

<p>Monensin sodium is a polyether antibiotic with action on ion transport across bacterial cell membranes and is used for preventing coccidiosis and improving feed efficiency in livestock.</p>

<p>Broad-spectrum antibiotic; bacterial cell wall biogenesis inhibitor</p>

Dirithromycin is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating respiratory, skin, and other bacterial infections.

Polypeptide antibiotic used as a feed additive

<p>Midecamycin is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating respiratory tract and skin infections.</p>

<p>Nifurquinazol is an antimicrobial agent, which is a synthetic compound derived from the nitrofuran class of antibiotics. Its mode of action involves inhibition of bacterial enzymes critical for DNA and protein synthesis, thereby interfering with microbial cell replication and survival.</p>

<p>Piperacillin sodium, pharma grade is a pharmaceutical-grade beta-lactam antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for research and pharmaceutical applications.</p>

<p>Cephradine is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections like urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and skin infections.</p>

Ketolide; binds bacterial ribosomes and inhibits translation

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; lincosamide</p>

Antibiotic; RNA and DNA synthesis inhibitor; adenosine analogue

<p>Danofloxacin mesylate is a mesylate salt form of danofloxacin with similar action and applications as danofloxacin.</p>

<p>Nitrocycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a synthetic derivative of tetracycline with enhanced antibacterial properties. As a chemically synthesized compound, nitrocycline has been engineered to overcome resistance mechanisms common in bacterial pathogens. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of protein synthesis, achieved by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, effectively preventing the addition of new amino acids to nascent peptide chains. This binding action interrupts bacterial growth and replication, providing robust activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside

<p>Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase to inhibit ATPase activity and is used for treating staphylococcal infections and research on DNA replication.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; cephalosporin class</p>

<p>Cefotaxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like meningitis and sepsis.</p>

Herbicidin E is a potent herbicidal compound, derived from blue-green algae, with a biochemical mode of action focused on inhibiting photosynthetic electron transport. It effectively disrupts the photosynthetic process by binding to specific sites within the chloroplasts of target plants, impairing their ability to convert light energy into chemical energy. This leads to a depletion of essential energy reserves, resulting in the controlled demise of the plant.

Cefoperazone free acid is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory, urinary, and skin infections.

<p>Epioxytetracycline is a degradation product of the antibiotic oxytetracycline. It has been found in wastewater.</p>

Delamanid is a second-line antimicrobial agent, which is a synthetic derivative of the nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole compound. Delamanid originates from a laboratory synthesis designed to target and inhibit specific components of bacterial cell wall synthesis. The mode of action involves the inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis, which is critical for the maintenance and construction of the cell wall in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This inhibition disrupts bacterial cell wall integrity, ultimately exerting a bactericidal effect against actively replicating and dormant mycobacterial cells.