Fenilpropanoidi

<p>Dimethylcurcumin is a synthetic, small-molecule compound that is a derivative of curcumin, a naturally occurring polyphenol found in the spice turmeric. Curcumin is known for its various biological activities, but its clinical use is limited due to poor bioavailability. Dimethylcurcumin is chemically modified to enhance its stability and bioavailability, making it a more potent alternative.</p>

Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone hydrate is a high-intensity sweetener, which is derived from the bitter flavonoids found in citrus fruits, particularly from the peel and pulp of oranges and grapefruits. It is produced through a chemical hydrogenation process that transforms neohesperidin into a non-caloric sweetener. This unique compound acts as a potent flavor enhancer by intensifying sweetness and masking undesirable flavors, such as bitterness.

(+)-Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol is a lignan, which is a type of phenolic compound naturally occurring in a variety of plant species, including those in the families Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae, and others. As a secondary metabolite derived from the oxidative coupling of coniferyl alcohol, it plays roles in plant defense and structural integrity.

<p>1,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a polyphenolic compound, which is naturally occurring in various plants, including artichokes and coffee. This compound is part of a larger group of chlorogenic acids that are esterified products of caffeic acid and quinic acid. The mode of action of 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid involves its ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby exhibiting potent antioxidant activity. Additionally, it modulates signaling pathways involved in inflammation, contributing to its anti-inflammatory effects.</p>

Neochlorogenic acid is a phenolic compound, specifically a type of polyphenol, commonly found in various plants, including fruits, vegetables, and coffee beans. It is derived from natural sources through the metabolism of chlorogenic acid pathways in plants. As a powerful antioxidant, neochlorogenic acid works by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in biological systems.

<p>1-Caffeoylquinic acid is a naturally occurring phenolic compound, which is a type of organic substance commonly found in various plants. This compound is derived primarily from sources such as coffee beans, artichokes, and numerous fruits and vegetables, reflecting its widespread occurrence in the plant kingdom. As a chlorogenic acid, 1-Caffeoylquinic acid functions primarily as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. It also demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.</p>

Echinacoside is a caffeic acid derivative naturally found in plants, such as, Echinacea angustifolia DC. Echinacoside belongs to the class of phenylethanoid glycosides. In vitro studies have revealed the mode of action of echinacoside in breast cancer cells; echinacoside suppresses the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway exerting anticancer activity (Tang et al, 2020). Echinacoside has been reported as beneficial for human health in terms of neuroprotection, cardioprotectiony, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-osteoporotic activity (Liu, 2018).

Sinapinic acid is a small, organic phenolic compound, which is derived primarily from plant sources, notably from the seeds of plants in the Brassicaceae family. It functions as a matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry, where it facilitates the ionization and desorption of analytes. This process involves the transfer of energy from the laser to the sample via the matrix, resulting in the ionization of the analyte molecules for subsequent mass spectrometric analysis.

<p>Chlorogenic acid is a derivative of caffeic acid and quinic acid; it has an antioxidant activity. Chlorogenic acid has been combined with gadolinium to develop a therapeutic and diagnostic nanodelivery system for MRI imaging. In a rat model of diabetes mellitus, chlorogenic acid counteracted the alterations in lipid profiles typical of type-2 diabetes, especially when administered in combination with tetrahydrocurcumin. In mice fed with a high-fat diet, the consumption of chlorogenic acid resulted in an anti-obesity action that lowered the blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. In humans, it is readily absorbed in the intestinal tract.</p>

3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a polyphenolic compound, which is naturally found in various plant species, particularly in coffee and certain herbal plants. This compound serves as a secondary metabolite within these plants, contributing to their defense mechanisms against pathogens and environmental stress. The compound exhibits its mode of action primarily through its powerful antioxidant activity. By scavenging free radicals and inhibiting oxidative stress pathways, it helps in protecting cellular components from oxidative damage.

3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamyl alcohol is a phenolic compound, which is a derivative of cinnamyl alcohol and known for its antioxidant properties. It is typically isolated from plant sources, especially those with rich secondary metabolite profiles such as certain herbs and spices. The compound functions by donating hydrogen atoms to free radicals, thereby neutralizing them and preventing oxidative stress on cells.

<p>Malabaricone C is a bioactive compound which is extracted from the roots of trees belonging to the genus Myristica. These trees are well-known for producing a diverse array of secondary metabolites with unique biological activities. Derived primarily through careful extraction processes from these natural sources, Malabaricone C has been characterized by its distinct ability to modulate inflammatory pathways and exhibit antimicrobial properties. The compound is known to interfere with specific biochemical targets, potentially inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and disrupting microbial cell mechanisms.</p>

<p>Malabaricone B is a bioactive compound, which is a phenolic compound sourced from the seeds of the Myristica malabarica plant, commonly known as Indian bay leaf. This compound exhibits significant pharmacological activity, particularly in its ability to inhibit various inflammatory mediators.</p>

<p>Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active phenolic compound found in honeybee propolis that has the potential to downregulate inflammation in mammals. Studies demonstrated that CAPE specifically inhibits the protein complex NF-κB - a key player in inflammation, associated with the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. Moreover, CAPE inhibits the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase and the production of nitric oxide by macrophages, also responsible for inflammation. By acting on T cells, CAPE can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase the production of anti-inflammatory ones, leading to a less overwhelming immune response to allergens.</p>

<p>Cryptochlorogenic acid is an isomer of chlorogenic acid and is found in plants. Cryptochlorogenic acid is the major component of the extract of mulberry leaves that is traditionally used to treat diabetes mellitus. In a diabetic model in rats, cryptochlorogenic acid alleviated symptoms, such as, blood glucose levels, accumulation of lipid peroxides, and iron content alterations. In vitro studies with RAW 264.7 macrophages, cryptochlorogenic acid showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity by increasing both the cellular content of reduced glutathione, and the expression of superoxide dismutase activity, while inhibiting the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2).</p>

<p>4’-Demethyldehydropodophyllotoxin is a semi-synthetic lignan, which is a refined and modified product from natural lignans found in certain plant species, particularly those in the genus Podophyllum. This compound undergoes a sophisticated extraction and synthesis process to enhance its biological activity and pharmacological properties.</p>

<p>1,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, specifically a type of caffeoylquinic acid, which is derived from various plant species including certain vegetables, fruits, and herbs. This compound is a result of biochemical synthesis within the plant, where it plays various roles, primarily in the defense mechanisms against pathogens and oxidative stress. The mode of action of 1,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid centers on its potent antioxidant capabilities. It scavenges free radicals, thus protecting cellular components from oxidative damage, and exhibits anti-inflammatory properties through modulation of inflammatory pathways. The compound's ability to inhibit specific enzymes and signaling molecules contributes to its therapeutic potential.</p>

<p>Nepetoidin B is a natural compound, specifically a type of iridoid, which is isolated from plants belonging to the Nepeta genus, commonly known as catmint or catnip. These plants are well-known for producing a variety of iridoid compounds that have ecological roles, especially in plant-insect interactions. Nepetoidin B acts primarily as a natural repellent and deterrent against various insect species. Its effectiveness stems from its ability to interfere with the sensory receptors of insects, altering their behavior and reducing their interaction with the plant.</p>

<p>4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde is a phenolic aldehyde, which is commonly found as a major component of certain essential oils, such as those extracted from cinnamon bark. This compound is notable for its prominent role in biological and chemical processes, sourced chiefly from the bark of Cinnamomum species.</p>

<p>E/E-Desmethoxycurcumin is a polyphenolic compound, which is a derivative of curcumin. It is sourced from the rhizome of the Curcuma longa plant, commonly known as turmeric. As a demethoxylated analog of curcumin, its structure contains one less methoxy group, allowing it to interact with biological systems in distinctive ways. The mode of action of E/E-Desmethoxycurcumin involves modulation of various cellular signaling pathways, including the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) and downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This makes it a subject of interest for its potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.</p>