Fenilpropanoidi

Lactone

Natural glycoside

Lactone

Lactone

Lactone

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Natural glycoside

Ether alcohol phenol

Natural glycoside

Lactone

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Carboxylic acid with additional oxygen functions

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Natural glycoside

Carboxylic acid with additional oxygen functions

Natural glycoside

Lactone

Aromatic ether

Lactone

Natural glycoside

Carboxylic acid with additional oxygen functions

Polyphenol

Ether phenol

Lactone

Lactone

Sinapaldehyde is a phenolic aldehyde, which is a secondary metabolite derived from lignin biosynthesis in plants. It is primarily sourced from lignin, a complex polymer found in the cell walls of various plants, often extracted through biochemical refinement processes from lignocellulosic biomass. The mode of action of Sinapaldehyde involves its function as an antioxidant, where it participates in redox reactions that mitigate oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals. Its structural characteristics enable it to interact with various biological molecules, contributing to its effectiveness in these reactions.

<p>Coniferyl alcohol is a monolignol compound, which is a significant precursor in the biosynthesis of lignin, a major structural component of plant cell walls. It is primarily sourced from the metabolic pathways of various vascular plants, where it plays a crucial role in lignin polymerization. The mode of action involves its enzymatic conversion into lignin through oxidative coupling reactions catalyzed by peroxidases and laccases. This process contributes to the rigidity and impermeability of the plant cell walls, enhancing the plant's structural integrity and resistance to pathogens.</p>

<p>Trans-Resveratrol-3,4'-disulfate is a sulfate conjugate of resveratrol, which is a natural polyphenolic compound. It is commonly derived from the metabolic processes involving resveratrol, a compound found in the skin of grapes, berries, and peanuts. As a metabolite, it is typically produced in the liver through sulfation, mediated by sulfotransferase enzymes. This conversion enhances the solubility and stability of resveratrol, potentially increasing its bioavailability compared to its parent compound.</p>

<p>3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, which is predominantly found in various plants and herbal sources such as artichokes, echinacea, and certain species of coffee. Its structure consists of quinic acid esterified with two caffeic acid moieties, making it a member of the chlorogenic acid family. This compound is well-recognized for its potent antioxidant properties, exerting its effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress within biological systems.</p>

Resveratrol is a natural phenylpropanoid of the family of stilbenoids and is present in red wines and certain foods. Resveratrol has been deeply studied for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. In Vero cells, resveratrol at 50 μM has shown to have the ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication by 98% when added after infection. Featured reference paper: Rossi et al, 2021; Yang et al, 2021.

Hypophyllanthin is a lignan compound, which is a secondary metabolite derived from various species of the genus Phyllanthus. These plants are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and have been used in traditional medicine across cultures. The compound serves as an active constituent within the plant extract, contributing to its pharmacological properties.

<p>1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a bioactive compound, which is a type of caffeoylquinic acid. This compound is commonly found in various plant sources, including coffee, artichokes, and certain herbal extracts. It is part of a larger family of polyphenolic compounds that are notable for their diverse biological activities.</p>

<p>Chicoric acid is a polyphenolic compound, which is primarily derived from chicory (Cichorium intybus) and echinacea (Echinacea purpurea). It serves as a secondary metabolite in these plants, contributing to their defense mechanisms. The mode of action of chicoric acid involves the inhibition of enzymes involved in the degradation of key cellular components, effectively reducing oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory responses.</p>

Butein is a chalcone compound, which is a naturally occurring flavonoid found primarily in plants such as Rhus verniciflua and other members of the Anacardiaceae family. It is characterized by its notable biological activities, particularly due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Butein exerts its effects through various modes of action, including the inhibition of specific enzyme activities like tyrosinase and cyclooxygenase, as well as the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Demethoxycurcumin is a natural bioactive compound, which is a type of curcuminoid. It is derived from the rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, a member of the ginger family. Demethoxycurcumin is one of the primary components contributing to the characteristic yellow color of turmeric.

Podophyllotoxin is a potent antimitotic agent, which is derived from the roots and rhizomes of plants belonging to the genus Podophyllum, such as Podophyllum peltatum and Podophyllum emodi. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of microtubule assembly, leading to the disruption of mitotic spindle formation during cell division. This results in the arrest of cell proliferation, making it particularly effective against rapidly dividing cells.

Rottlerin is a polyphenolic compound, which is a natural product derived from the plant species Mallotus philippensis. It is primarily isolated from the fruits or glands of this plant. Rottlerin operates as a selective inhibitor, notably targeting specific protein kinases such as PKC-delta (Protein Kinase C delta). It also affects various other cellular processes and pathways, offering a diverse range of biological effects.

<p>Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory; anti-cancer agent; HSP90 inhibitor</p>

<p>4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a polyphenolic compound, which is primarily a derivative of chlorogenic acids found in various plants, notably within the Asteraceae family. It is naturally sourced from leaves, fruits, and other plant tissues where it plays a critical role in the plant's defense mechanisms. It functions through its ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby exhibiting significant antioxidant activity. This compound can inhibit oxidative stress by neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus protecting cellular structures from damage.</p>

<p>Malabaricone A is a naturally occurring compound, which is a diarylnonanoid isolated from the fruits of Myristica malabarica, commonly known as the Malabar nutmeg tree. This compound exhibits diverse biological activities due to its unique chemical structure, primarily contributing to its mode of action as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Malabaricone A scavenges free radicals and modulates cellular pathways involved in the inflammatory response, making it a potential therapeutic candidate in the management of oxidative stress-related disorders.</p>

<p>Dimethylcurcumin is a synthetic, small-molecule compound that is a derivative of curcumin, a naturally occurring polyphenol found in the spice turmeric. Curcumin is known for its various biological activities, but its clinical use is limited due to poor bioavailability. Dimethylcurcumin is chemically modified to enhance its stability and bioavailability, making it a more potent alternative.</p>

<p>Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone hydrate is a high-intensity sweetener, which is derived from the bitter flavonoids found in citrus fruits, particularly from the peel and pulp of oranges and grapefruits. It is produced through a chemical hydrogenation process that transforms neohesperidin into a non-caloric sweetener. This unique compound acts as a potent flavor enhancer by intensifying sweetness and masking undesirable flavors, such as bitterness.</p>

(+)-Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol is a lignan, which is a type of phenolic compound naturally occurring in a variety of plant species, including those in the families Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae, and others. As a secondary metabolite derived from the oxidative coupling of coniferyl alcohol, it plays roles in plant defense and structural integrity.

<p>1,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a polyphenolic compound, which is naturally occurring in various plants, including artichokes and coffee. This compound is part of a larger group of chlorogenic acids that are esterified products of caffeic acid and quinic acid. The mode of action of 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid involves its ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby exhibiting potent antioxidant activity. Additionally, it modulates signaling pathways involved in inflammation, contributing to its anti-inflammatory effects.</p>

Neochlorogenic acid is a phenolic compound, specifically a type of polyphenol, commonly found in various plants, including fruits, vegetables, and coffee beans. It is derived from natural sources through the metabolism of chlorogenic acid pathways in plants. As a powerful antioxidant, neochlorogenic acid works by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in biological systems.

<p>1-Caffeoylquinic acid is a naturally occurring phenolic compound, which is a type of organic substance commonly found in various plants. This compound is derived primarily from sources such as coffee beans, artichokes, and numerous fruits and vegetables, reflecting its widespread occurrence in the plant kingdom. As a chlorogenic acid, 1-Caffeoylquinic acid functions primarily as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. It also demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.</p>

Echinacoside is a caffeic acid derivative naturally found in plants, such as, Echinacea angustifolia DC. Echinacoside belongs to the class of phenylethanoid glycosides. In vitro studies have revealed the mode of action of echinacoside in breast cancer cells; echinacoside suppresses the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway exerting anticancer activity (Tang et al, 2020). Echinacoside has been reported as beneficial for human health in terms of neuroprotection, cardioprotectiony, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-osteoporotic activity (Liu, 2018).

Sinapinic acid is a small, organic phenolic compound, which is derived primarily from plant sources, notably from the seeds of plants in the Brassicaceae family. It functions as a matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry, where it facilitates the ionization and desorption of analytes. This process involves the transfer of energy from the laser to the sample via the matrix, resulting in the ionization of the analyte molecules for subsequent mass spectrometric analysis.

<p>Chlorogenic acid is a derivative of caffeic acid and quinic acid; it has an antioxidant activity. Chlorogenic acid has been combined with gadolinium to develop a therapeutic and diagnostic nanodelivery system for MRI imaging. In a rat model of diabetes mellitus, chlorogenic acid counteracted the alterations in lipid profiles typical of type-2 diabetes, especially when administered in combination with tetrahydrocurcumin. In mice fed with a high-fat diet, the consumption of chlorogenic acid resulted in an anti-obesity action that lowered the blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. In humans, it is readily absorbed in the intestinal tract.</p>

3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a polyphenolic compound, which is naturally found in various plant species, particularly in coffee and certain herbal plants. This compound serves as a secondary metabolite within these plants, contributing to their defense mechanisms against pathogens and environmental stress. The compound exhibits its mode of action primarily through its powerful antioxidant activity. By scavenging free radicals and inhibiting oxidative stress pathways, it helps in protecting cellular components from oxidative damage.