Amino Acid Derivatives

<p>Bachem ID: 4095553.</p>

<p>Bachem ID: 4011476.</p>

pTH (1-31) amide appears so far to be the smallest of the potently osteogenic pTH fragments. The osteogenic activity of this pTH fragment seems to be related to its ability to activate adenylyl cyclase. Unlike pTH, this fragment does not activate phospholipase C and should therefore have fewer side-effects and find application in the osteoporosis treatment.

Guanylin activates the guanylate cyclase in the intestine to stimulate the production of cGMP, which in turn causes a secretory diarrhoea. Therefore, this peptide may play a role in regulating fluid and electrolyte absorption in intestines.

Antiinflammatory peptide with high homology to somatostatin.

Glucagon antagonist.

IL-6 (88-121) competitively inhibits the binding of human IL-6 to its receptor by interacting with the IL-6 receptor to a significant degree. It is suggested that this peptide comprises a part of the receptor-binding region of IL-6.

Studies of the cellular effects of C-peptide have shown that it binds specifically in a nanomolar concentration range to a G-protein coupled membrane receptor, with subsequent activation of Ca²⁺-dependent intracellular signaling pathways. This resulted in stimulation of both Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activities. Administration of C-peptide to streptozotocin induced diabetic rats elicited a substantial increase in whole-body glucose turnover.

Fragment of human leptin, an adipose tissue-derived protein encoded by the obese gene. Leptin has been implicated in the control of food intake, energy expenditure and reproduction. Additional roles in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis have been proposed.

Deamidation product of glucagon.

<p>Bachem ID: 4013862.</p>

<p>Bachem ID: 4089772.</p>

OXA 16-33 lacks the disulfide bridges of orexin A, but retains a part of the activity of full-length OXA/OXB. The peptide has been used in place of the intact neuropeptide.

Tertiapin (TPN), a potent inhibitor of the inward-rectifier K⁺ channels, blocked a G-protein-gated channel (GIRK1/4) and the ROMK1 channel with nanomolar affinities, however a closely related channel, IRK1, was insensitive to tertiapin. Thus, tertiapin will be a powerful ligand for purifying functional channels as well as for screening pharmaceutical agents against these channels.

Active molecules as peptides can be readily conjugated to this cell-permeable peptide by the mercapto moiety.

Calcitonin is a peptide hormone involved in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Its inhibitory effect on osteoclast activity lowers blood calcium levels and positively influences bone mass density.

This biotinylated ω-conotoxin GVIA is a useful ligand for the characterization of calcium channels.

Rat amylin (rIAPP) lacks the fibril-forming capacity of human amylin (hIAPP). As a consequence, toxic effects have been reported for the human but not for the rat peptide amide.

Deamidation product of glucagon.

An insulinotropic peptide generated by proteolytic cleavage of its precursor GLP-1 (1-37) and secreted by L cells of the intestinal mucosa upon food ingestion.

V.Paspaliaris et al. showed that daily administration of pTHrP (1-34) to rats was anabolic on bone by increasing bone formation. This treatment could inhibit the rapid decline in bone formation due to denervation.

The porcine homolog of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (6-30) amide (human) also known as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (6-30) amide (human) has been found to antagonize the induction of cAMP production of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (human) (GIP (human)) (H-5645) in vitro. In competitive binding studies it has been shown to exhibit receptor binding affinity equivalent to the gastric inhibitory polypeptide (human) (IC₅₀ = 3.08 ± 0.57 nM).

<p>Bachem ID: 4011079.</p>

The orphan G protein-coupled receptor APJ has been shown to be a coreceptor for human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) strains. As long as apelin is an endogenous ligand for the APJ receptor, inhibitory effects of apelin peptides on HIV infection have been examined and it has been found that the apelin peptides inhibit the entry of some HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains into NP-2/CD4 cells expressing APJ. For apelin-36 the strongest inhibitory efficiency has been reported.

<p>Bachem ID: 4014853.</p>

Potential degradation product of exenatide resulting from aspartimide formation and cleavage.

<p>Bachem ID: 4011662.</p>

<p>Bachem ID: 4031196.</p>

A hypothalamic opioid peptide related to Leu-enkephalin and dynorphin A with potent activity in the guinea-pig ileum assay.

This hexapeptide FRET substrate is derived from the p24/p15 cleavage site of the viral gag-pol poly-protein. A simple, continuous fluorometric assay for HIV protease has been developed, which allows the screening of potential HIV protease inhibitors. Values for Km (2.1 μM) and kcat (7.4 s⁻¹) were calculated from steady-state data at a low concentration of the enzyme. Excitation at 280 nm, emission at > 435 nm.

µ-Conotoxin GIIIA from the Conus geographus L. venom blocks with very high selectivity the muscle subtype of sodium channels.

The pentadecapeptide BPC-157 (GEPPPGKPADDAGLV) shows a protective effect on stomach and duodenum when administered to stress ulcers, cysteamine-duodenal ulcers and ethanol lesions. Application of BPC 157 improved tendon healing.

The pTHrP-analog abaloparatide (BIM-44058) promoting bone growth has been developed for the treatment of osteoporosis.

As antagonist of CCK, PP inhibits pancreatic sedretion. PP also acts on the gastrointestinal motility, food intake, and metabolism.

Gastrointestinal hormone which stimulates pancreatic secretion.

Peptide YY (3-36) and peptide YY are both synthesized by the gastrointestinal tract and released into the circulation after a meal. Peptide YY (3-36) is a Y₂ receptor subtype agonist, whereas peptide YY is non-selective for Y₁ and Y₂ receptor subtypes. It has been suggested that Y₁ and Y₂ receptor subtype binding affinities depend on their secondary and tertiary solution state structures.

<p>Bachem ID: 4012616.</p>

<p>Bachem ID: 4012222.</p>

<p>Bachem ID: 4030577.</p>

<p>Bachem ID: 4034491.</p>

<p>Bachem ID: 4095874.</p>

<p>Bachem ID: 4030533.</p>

<p>Bachem ID: 4034865.</p>

Human IAPP (8-37), ATQRLANFLVHSSNNFGAILSSTNVGSNTY-amide, readily forms fibrils in vitro.

GLP-2 administration to mice or rats promotes stimulation of crypt cell proliferation and inhibition of enterocyte apoptosis resulting in hyperplasia of the small bowel villous epithelium. It also exerts trophic effects in animal models of both small and large bowel injury such as experimental small bowel resection or chemically induced colitis. In addition to stimulation of epithelial proliferation, GLP-2 also acutely regulates gastric emptying and exerts rapid metabolic effects promoting stimulation of intestinal hexose transport. The actions of GLP-2 are transduced via the GLP-2 receptor, a member of the glucagon-secretin G protein-coupled receptor superfamily.

<p>Bachem ID: 4030651.</p>

The histone fragment was used as substrate for the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT4.

Z-VEID-AFC, fluorogenic substrate for caspase-6 (Mch2).

Potential impurity of exenatide.