Toxicology

<p>Applications (rac)AIB-Precursor is used as a reagent in the preparation of cyclized sulfamoylarylamide derivatives for treatment of hepatitis B.<br>References Vendeville, S. M. H., et al.: PCT Int. Appl. 244pp. (2017)<br></p>

<p>Applications cis-2-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol Benzoate (Ester) is an intermediate in the synthesis of trans-2-​(2,​4-​Dichlorophenyl)​-​2-​(1H-​imidazol-​1-​ylmethyl)​-​1,​3-​dioxolane-​4-​methanol (D431560). trans-2-​(2,​4-​Dichlorophenyl)​-​2-​(1H-​imidazol-​1-​ylmethyl)​-​1,​3-​dioxolane-​4-​methanol is an impurity of Ketoconazole (K186000).<br>References Ryu, J., et al. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 24, 460 (2003)<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-[4-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]phendiamineol is an intermediate of Posaconazole (P689600), which is orally active antifungal triazole.<br>References Cacciapuoti, A., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44, 2017 (2000); Herbrecht, R., et al.: Int. J. Clin. Pract., 58, 612 (2004); Panackal, A., et al.: J. Clin. Microbiol., 44, 1740 (2006); Yan, X., et al.: Guangzhou Huagong, 41, 107 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications Methyl (1R,4S)-4-Amino-2-cyclopentene-1-carboxylate (2S,3S)-2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic Acid is an intermediate used in the synthesis of ent-Abacavir (A105015), which is an enatiomer of Abacavir (A105000). Abacavir is a carbocyclic 2'-deoxyguanosine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an anti-HIV drug used to treat HIV infection (1). Intracellular enzymes convert Abacavir to its active form, carbovir-triphosphate (CBV-TP), which then selectively inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by incorporating into viral DNA (2). Abacavir is metabolized in the liver by uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase and alcohol dehydrogenase resulting in inactive glucuronide and carboxylate metabolites, respectively.<br></p>

<p>Applications Methoxy Cefadroxil is an impurity of Cefadroxil (C235750), a semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic. Antibacterial.<br>References Buck, R.E., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 11, 324 (1977);<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Desdecanoyl, N-(Undecanoyl) Dapotmycin is an impurity of Daptomycin (D193350), cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic derived from a fermentation product of Streptomyces roseosporus; disrupts plasma membrane function in gram-positive bacteria. Antibacterial.<br>References Allen, N.E., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 31, 1093 (1987), Tully, F.P., et al.: Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs, 8, 1223 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-(3-Hydroxypropoxy) Propyl Benzoate is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications N-[[[(1R)-2-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-methylethoxy]methyl]hydroxyphosphinyl]-D-alanine is a metabolite of Tenofovir (T018500), an acyclic phosphonate nucleotide analogue and reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is used as an anti-HIV agent. Antiviral.<br>References Shaw, J.-P., et al.: Pharm. Res., 14, 1824 (1997); Wyles, D., et al.: Clin Infect. Dis., 40, 174 (2005), Peng, J., et al.: J. Clin. Pharmacol., 46, 265 (2006), Seminari, E., et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 60, 831 (2007);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-(1,1-Dimethylpropyl)-β-methylbenzenepropanol 1-Methanesulfonate is a useful synthetic intermediate in the synthesis of Amorolfine Hydrochloride (A634170); a morpholine antifungal drug and topical solution for the treatment of toenail infections.<br>References Rotta, I., et al.: JAMA Dermatol., 149, 341 (2013); Espinel-Ingroff, A., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Ch., 26, 5 (1984); Zhang, S., et al.: Faming Zhuanli Shenqing. CN 103288768 A 20130911. Sep 11, 2013<br></p>

<p>Applications (R,S)-Ethambutol is an isomer of Ethambutol (E889800), used as an antibacterial (tuberculostatic).<br>References Wilkinson, et al.: J. Med. Chem., 5, 835 (1962), Kulig, et al.: Diss. Pharm. Pharmacol., 23, 463 (1971), Lee, C.S., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 7, 231 (1978)<br></p>

<p>Applications (7R)-7-Amino Cefoxitin is an impurity of Cefoxitin (C243190). Cefoxitin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic derived from Cephamycin C, possessing high resistance to β-lactamase inactivation. An antibacterial.<br>References Wallick, H., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 5, 25 (1974), Brenner, G.S., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 11, 169 (1982),<br></p>

<p>Applications (5R)-Flucloxacillin N4-Acetyl Penilloic Acid is an impurity of Flucloxacillin (F419200), a new semisynthetic penicillin.<br>References Markovich, M., et al.: Antibiot. Med. Biotekhnol., 31, 603 (1986); Rahman, M., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 46, 1721 (1993); Silva, D., et al.: Med. Biol. Res., 37, 963 (2004);<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-Methoxy Dapagliflozin Tetraacetate is an intermediate in the synthesis of (1S)-1,5-anhydro-1-C-[4-Chloro-3-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)hydroxymethyl]phenyl]-D-glucitol (A638185) which is an impurity of the drug Dapagliflozin (D185370), a sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor.<br>References Kasichayanula, S. et al.: Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 13, 47 (2011)<br></p>

<p>Applications Amoxicillin (3-​Ethoxy-​1-​methyl-​3-​oxo-​1-​propenyl)​amino Diethylethanamine is an intermediate in the synthesis of APA Amoxicillin Amide (A634270), which is a derivative of Amoxicillin (A634235), a semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin. Antibacterial.<br>References Brogden, R.N., et al.: Drugs, 18, 169 (1979), Bird, A.E., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. Excip., 23, 1 (1994),<br></p>

<p>Applications 11-Oxo-fluticasone Furoate is an impurity of Fluticasone(F599500); an anti-inflammatory agent and a steroid.<br>References Meltzer, E. O., et al.: J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 86, 221 (1990), Mitchison, H. C., et al.: Gut, 32, 260 (1991)<br></p>

<p>Applications Atazanavir is a novel azapeptide HIV protease inhibitor (PI). Antiviral.<br>References Palella, F.J. Jr., et al.: N. Engl. J. Med., 338(13), 853 (1998), Nolan, D., et al.: Drugs, 63(23), 2555 (2003), Musial, B.L., et al.: Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., 61, 1365 (2004), Wood, R., et al.: J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 36, 684 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Desmethylene-4-hydroxymethyl-efinaconazole is a degradation product and potentially a metabolite of the antifungal drug Efinaconazole (E435070).<br>References Sugiura, K., et. al.: Antimicrob. Agents CH., 58, 3837 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein as a cell-permeable non-fluorescent probe. It is de-esterified intracellularly and turns to highly fluorescent 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein upon oxidation.<br>References Lebel, C., et al.: Chem. Res. Toxicol., 5, 227 (1992), Kjaer, M., et al.: Lipids, 43, 813 (2008), Baron, C., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 57, 4185 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications Anxiolytic. Controlled substance (depressant).<br>References Merlo, L., et al.: Arzneim.-Forsch., 24, 1759 (1974), Carrara, S., et al.: Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 13, 335 (1978), Marcucci, F., et al.: J. Pharm. Sci., 67, 1470 (1978),<br></p>

<p>Applications I-Sydnocarb can be used in biological study for affinity of enantiomers of transportable and nontransportable phenylethylamines to binding sites of membrane transporters using molecular models in preferred conformations. It can also be obtained from (R)-Amphetamine Hydrochloride (A634240) which is CNS stimulant; anorexic.<br>References Al’tshuler, R., A., Pharm. Chem., 39, 169-175 (2005); Warren, M.R., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 85, 119 (1945), Behrendt, W.A, et al.: Arzneim.-Forsch., 13, 711 (1963), Seiden, L.S., Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 32, 639 (1993)<br></p>

<p>Applications Used for the preparation of heterocyclic sulfonamide compounds as Edg-1 antagonists useful in the treatment of cancer.<br></p>

<p>Applications 7-Chloro-1-cyclopropyl-4-oxo-6-(4-Boc-piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic Acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of 7-Chloro-1-cyclopropyl-4-oxo-6-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic Acid Hydrochloride (C366030), which is an impurity in the synthesis of Ciprofloxacin (C482500), a fluorinated quinolone antibacterial.<br>References Hoffken, G., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 27, 375 (1985), Scully, B.E., et al.: Lancet, 1, 819 (1986)<br></p>

<p>Applications (1R,4S)-4-Amino-2-cyclopentene-1-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester Hydrochloride is an intermediate used in the synthesis of ent-Abacavir (A105015), which is an enatiomer of Abacavir (A105000). Abacavir is a carbocyclic 2'-deoxyguanosine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an anti-HIV drug used to treat HIV infection (1). Intracellular enzymes convert Abacavir to its active form, carbovir-triphosphate (CBV-TP), which then selectively inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by incorporating into viral DNA (2). Abacavir is metabolized in the liver by uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase and alcohol dehydrogenase resulting in inactive glucuronide and carboxylate metabolites, respectively.<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Phenylglycyl Cefaclor Hydrochloride, is an impurity of Cefaclor (C235250), which is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Antibacterial.<br>References Gray, B.M., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 13, 988 (1978); Lorenz, L.J., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 9, 107 (1980); Hori, R., et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 40, 646 (1988);<br></p>

<p>Applications Adenosine A2 receptor agonist.<br>References Matova, M., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 32, 505 (1997), Matova, M., et al.: Drug Des. Discov., 16, 255 (2000), Adachi, H., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 50, 1810 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications Dibutyldiethyltin belongs to a class of organotin compounds that are commonly used as pesticides and fungicides and as plastics additives.<br>References Krupp, E.M. et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 943 (2011)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-(1-Ethylpropyl)-2,4-dihydro-4-[4-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]phenyl]-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one is an intermediate in the synthesis of Deshydroxy Posaconazole Impurity (A6480252), which is a 2,2,5-tetrahydrofuran regioisomers of SCH 51048 (A648025) that exhibit antifungal activity.<br>References Lovey, R.G.; et al.: Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett, 12, 1739 (2002)<br></p>

<p>Applications Isodecyl Daptomycin is an impurity of Daptomycin (D193350), a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic derived from a fermentation product of Streptomyces roseosporus. Daptomycin disrupts plasma membrane function in gram-positive bacteria.<br>References Allen, N.E., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 31, 1093 (1987);Tully, F.P., et al.: Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs, 8, 1223 (1999)<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-Cyclopropyl-7-fluoro-6,8-dimethoxy-4-quinolone-3-carboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester is an impurity in the synthesis of Moxifloxacin (M745000), a fluorinated quinolone antibacterial.<br>References Woodcock, J.M., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 41, 101 (1997), Stass, H., et al.: Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother., 42, 2060 (1998)<br></p>