Toxicology

<p>Applications Caffeine-D10 is the labeled compound of Caffeine(C080100). Caffeine (Pentoxifylline EP Impurity F) is a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a stimulant drug and a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (1,2,3). Caffeine is found in varying quantities in the seeds, leaves, and fruit of some plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding on the plants. In humans, caffeine acts as a central nervous system stimulant, temporarily warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. Caffeine is a cardiac and respiratory stimulant; diuretic. Caffeine is toxic at sufficiently high doses. Caffeine is a non-competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (3).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Zubair, U.M., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs., 15, 71 (1986); Cherrah, Y., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 37, 1311 (1988);<br></p>

<p>Applications Metoxuron is used as a herbicide.<br>References Navarro, Simon, et al.: J. of Agric. and Food Chem., 60(21), 5279-5286 (2012);Zhang, Rong, et al.: Sepu, 36(12), 1228-1237 (2018)<br></p>

<p>Applications NLG919-d10 is the isotope labelled analog of NLG919 (N630000). NLG919 is a potent indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) pathway inhibitor and is suitable for the treatment of immunosuppression associated with cancer.<br>References Mautino, M.R., et al.: Cancer Res., 73, no pp. (2013); Li, M., et al.: J. Immunother. Cancer, 2, no pp. (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications L-Carnitine-15N is an isotopically labelled analog of L-Carnitine (C184110), which is an essential cofactor of fatty acid metabolism; required for the transport of fatty acids through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Synthetized primarily in the liver and kidney; highest concentrations found in heart and skeletal muscle.<br>References Mitchell, M.E., et al.: Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 31, 293 (1978); Lango, R., et al.: Cardiovasc. Res., 51, 21 (2001);Vaz, F.M., et al.: Biochem. J., et al.: 361, 417 (2002);Karlic, H., et al.: Nutr. J., 20, 709 (2004)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Abacavir EP Impurity C; Abacavir USP Related Compound A<br>Applications Descyclopropyl Abacavir (Abacavir EP Impurity C; Abacavir Related Compound A) is an intermediate of Abacavir (A105000). Abacavir is a carbocyclic 2'-deoxyguanosine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an anti-HIV drug used to treat HIV infection (1). Intracellular enzymes convert Abacavir to its active form, carbovir-triphosphate (CBV-TP), which then selectively inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by incorporating into viral DNA (2). Abacavir is metabolized in the liver by uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase and alcohol dehydrogenase resulting in inactive glucuronide and carboxylate metabolites, respectively.<br>References (1) Jackson, A., et al.: Antivir Ther. 17, 19 (2012) (2) Yuen, G. J., et al.: Clin Pharmacokinet. 47, 351 (2008)<br></p>

<p>Applications Metamizole Magnesium Salt is an analgetic, non-opioid drug used in human and veterinary medicinal treatments.<br>References Jasiecka, A. et al.: Polish J. Vet. Sci., 17, 207 (2014); Rogosch, T. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 20, 101 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications Dabigatran Etexilate Propanoate is an impurity of Dabigatran Etexilate (D100140). Dabigatran Etexilate is a nonpeptide, direct thrombin inhibitor. Antithrombotic.<br>References Mangiafico, R. et al.: Curr. Med. Chem., 19, 4688 (2012); Hu, Z. et al.: Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 405, 1695 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Applications Methoprene, is a juvenile hormone (JH) analog which can be used as an insecticide that acts as a growth regulator. Useful in cannabis testing kits as a component of pesticide mixes (P698235).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Xiao-li, M., et al.: Nongyao, 52, 380 (2013); Anon.IP.com Journal, 12, 9 (2012);<br></p>

<p>Applications Digoxin O-Tetra-acetate is an intermediate used in the synthesis of (3β,5β,12β)-3-[2-[[6-[(2,5-Dioxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)oxy]-6-oxohexyl]amino]-2-oxoethoxy]-12,14-dihydroxycard-20(22)-enolide (D486968), which is a digoxin (D446575) cross-linking reagent.<br></p>

<p>Applications Isopentyl Carnitine Inner Salt is used in the formation of lipids and barriers as well as being a derivative of L-carnitine, used in the diagnosis of metabolic diseases<br>References Paul, H. et al.: PCT Int. Appl. (2000), WO 2000004870 A2 20000203; Yang, S. et l.: J. Chrom. B., Anal. Tech. Biomed. Life Sci., 857, 251 (2007);<br></p>

<p>Applications 8-Chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester is an imidazodiaepine derivative and an impurity of Midazolam (M343000), an anesthetic, anticonvulsant, sedative and hypotic agent.<br></p>

<p>Applications Carbophenothion is an organophosphorus pesticide used for fruits and vegetables.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Scott, G., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 4400 (2002), Mezcua, M., et al.: Food Chem., 112, 221 (2009), Mezcua, M., et al.: Anal. Chem., 81, 913 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Testosterone ester.<br>References Ruelle, P., et al.: Int. J. Pharm., 157, 219 (1997), de la Torre, X., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 24, 645 (2001), Adat, S., et al.: Lett. Drug Des. Discov., 1, 334 (2004),<br></p>

<p>Applications Clemizole Hydrochloride inhibits Hepatitis C RNA replication in cell culture through the suppression of the binding between the nonstructural protein 4B and the viral RNA genome with little toxicity for the host cell. Clemizole Hydrochloride is also a potent inhibitor of transient receptor potential channel TRPC5.<br>References Einav, S., et al.: Nat. Biotechnol., 26, 1019 (2008); Richter, J. M., et al.: Mol. Pharmacol., 86, 514 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications L-Amoxicillin-d4 is a labeled isomer of Amoxicillin (A634235), a semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin. Antibacterial.<br>References Brogden, R.N., et al.: Drugs, 18, 169 (1979), Bird, A.E., et al.: Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. Excip., 23, 1 (1994),<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Hydroxy Darunavir is a metabolite of Darunavir (D193500), a novel inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus protease and used in the treatment of HIV infection. It is a COVID19-related research product.<br>References Vermeir, M., et al.: Drug. Meta. Disp., 37, 809 (2009); Koh, Y., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 47, 3123 (2003), Arasteh, K., et al.: AIDS, 19, 943 (2005), Surleraux, D.L.N.G., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 48, 1813 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea has been to study, the quantitative structure-activity relations of substituted phenylureas on the Hill inhibitory activity; Simple and rapid screening method for photosystem II inhibitory herbicides using photoautotrophically cultured plant cells with chlorophyll fluorescence monitoring.<br>References Takemoto I., et al., Nippon Noyaku Gakkaishi, 9, 517-21 (1984); Yoneyama K., et al., Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 57, 1389-90 (1993)<br></p>

<p>Applications PSI 7411 is used in biological studies as nucleotide analog polymerase inhibitor for hepatitis C virus QS-9851.<br>References Denning, J., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 57, 1201 (2013)<br></p>

<p>Applications Endothion is an insecticide. A hazardous material.<br>References Faris, F., et al.: Agric. Res. Rev., 48, 71 (1970), Anon.: Dangerous Prop. of Ind. Mater. Rep., 13, 527 (1993), Mortensen, S. R., et al.: Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds, 673 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications 3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile-2,6-d2 (CAS# 1219798-95-4) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.<br></p>

<p>Applications Metsulfuron is a powerful herbicide used in the control of pests and protection of crops and produce.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Anderson, J. et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 37, 1429 (1989); Ivany, J. et al.: Can. J. Plant Sci., 67, 1083 (1987);<br></p>

<p>Applications Α labelled metabolite of Tamoxifen (T006000).<br>References Sun, D., et al.: Breast Cancer Res., 8(4), (2006), Zheng, Y., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 35, 1942 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications Synthetic thrombin inhibitor. Antithrombotic.<br>References Abiko, Y., et al.: Thromb. Res., 24, 285 (1981), Kikumoto, R., et al.: Biochemistry, 23, 85 (1984),<br></p>

<p>Applications Palmitoyl-L-carnitine-d3 Hydrochloride is labelled Palmitoyl-L-carnitine Hydrochloride (P155050), a long-chain fatty ester of carnitine which is accumulated and released into the circulation, in fatty-acid oxidation defects. Pattern of Lauroyl-L-carnitine can be diagnostic for a number of ß-oxidation defects.<br>References Ventura, F., et al.: Clinica Chimica Acta, 281, 1 (1999); Pourfarzam, M., et al.: Clinical Chem,, 40, 2267 (1994); Schaefer, J., et al.: Pediatric Res., 37, 354 (1995)<br></p>

<p>Applications Dinocap is an acaricide and pesticide.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications A metabolite of Codeine (C634075). Analgesic (narcotic); antitussive.<br>References Frances, B., et al.: J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 25, 262 (1992), Osborne, R., et al.: Br. J. Clin. Pharm., 34, 130, (1992),<br></p>

<p>Applications Nimbin (N476280) derivative.<br>References Cohen, E., et al.: Life Sci., 58, 1075 (1996), Roy, A., et al.: Biol. Pharm. Bull., 29, 191 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications Phenobarbital Sodium is a barbital drug that can be used to synthesize antiepileptic pharmaceutical compounds.<br>References An, L., et al.: Faming Zhuanli Shenqing, CN 105250316 A, 20160120 (2016)<br></p>

<p>Applications Loratadine (L469575) Impurity. An isomer of N-Methyl Desloratadine (M316500).<br>References Zhong, D., et al.: Pharmazie, 49, 736 (1994); Ruperez, F., et al.: J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 29, 35 (2002);<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled 2-Furfurylthiol Acetate (F864600). 2-Furfurylthiol Acetate is a sulfur-substituted furan derivative used as flavouring agent. 2-Furfurylthiol Acetate is a precursor to furfurylmercaptan which is very prone to oxidation to the disulfide. We will provide a detailed procedure for the preparation of the thiol from the thioacetate with spectral data upon request.<br>References Engel, K., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 39, 2249 (1991), Jones, M., et al.: J. Exp. Bot., 55, 1903 (2004), Gershater, M., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 282, 21460 (2007),<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Desmethyl Sorafenib (Pyridine)-N-oxide is a metabolite of Sorafenib (S676850) and has anti-proliferative activity in human breast cancer cells.<br>References Tolcher, A.W., et al.: Cancer Chemoth. Pharm., 67, 751 (2011); Cui, P.H., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 86, 419 (2013); Ghassabian, S., et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 84, 215 (2012)<br></p>

<p>Applications Desaminosulfonyl N-Acetyl-dorzolamide is an intermediate in the synthesis of Dorzolamide N-Sulfonamide Dimer (D535110), which is a by-product from in-process test for synthesis of dorzolamide hydrochloride.<br>References Thomas, S., et al.: At-Process, 2, 432 (1997)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Ritonavir EP Impurity O<br>Applications 4-epi-Ritonavir (Ritonavir EP Impurity O) is an isomer of Ritonavir (R535000), a selective HIV protease inhibitor. It is a COVID19-related research product.<br>References Daluge, S., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 38, 1590 (1994), Ammaranond, P., et al.: J. Clin. Virol., 26, 153 (2003), Harrigan, P., et al.: J. Infect. Dis., 191, 339 (2005), Miller, J., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 16, 1788(2006)<br></p>

<p>Applications L-Xylose is part of the chemical profile of a polysaccharide extracted in aquatic life that shows anti-viral activites against herpes simplex virus 1 &amp; 2 as well as influenza A virus. This is the L-[13C5]Xylose labeled analog.<br>References Lee, J.B. et al.: Biol. Pharm. Bullet., 29, 2135 (2006);<br></p>

<p>Applications Micafungin-d11 Sodium is the isotope labelled analog of Micafungin Sodium (M342350); an echinocandin antifungal drug which inhibits the synthesis of 1,3-β-D-glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell wall. Micafungin Sodium also represents a valuable treatment option for fungal infections.<br>References Chen, S.C. et al.: Drugs, 71, 11 (2011); Groll, A.H. et al.: Opin. Anti-Infect. Invest. Drugs, 2, 405 (2000); Tomishima, M. et al.: J. Antibiot., 52, 674 (1999)<br></p>

<p>Applications A metabolite of Venlafaxine, a selective serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. Used as an antidepressant.<br>References Kelsey, J., et al.: J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 16, 21 (1996), Long, C., et al.: J. Anal. Toxicol., 21, 166 (1997), Deecher, D., et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 318, 657 (2006)<br></p>

<p>Applications (4S)-4-Hydroxy Pravastatin Lactone is an intermediate in the synthesis of Pravastatin 6'-Ketone Sodium Salt (P702050), which is an impurity of Pravastatin Sodium (P702000), which is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. It can be used as a drug to for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease.<br>References Serizawa, N., et al.: J. Antibiot., 36, 604 (1983), Yoshino, G., et al.: Lancet, 2, 740 (1986), White, H.D, et al.: N. Engl. J. Med., 343, 317 (2000);<br></p>

<p>Applications Mometasone Furoate-d8 is the isotope labelled analog of Mometasone Furoate (M490000); a topical corticosteroid used as an anti-inflammatory.<br>References Shapiro, E.L., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 30, 1581 (1987); Graft, D., et al.: J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 98, 724 (1996)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Abacavir EP Impurity E<br>Applications (1R,3S)-3-[2-Amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl]cyclopentanemethanol (Abacavir EP Impurity E) is an impurity of Abacavir (A104990). Abacavir is a carbocyclic 2'-deoxyguanosine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an anti-HIV drug used to treat HIV infection (1). Intracellular enzymes convert Abacavir to its active form, carbovir-triphosphate (CBV-TP), which then selectively inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by incorporating into viral DNA (2). Abacavir is metabolized in the liver by uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase and alcohol dehydrogenase resulting in inactive glucuronide and carboxylate metabolites, respectively.<br>References (1) Jackson, A., et al.: Antivir Ther. 17, 19 (2012) (2) Yuen, G. J., et al.: Clin Pharmacokinet. 47, 351 (2008)<br></p>