Antibiotics

<p>Isochlortetracycline is a tetracycline antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. It is used for treating bacterial infections in both humans and animals.</p>

<p>Orbifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating bacterial infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Vancomycin hydrochloride is an antibiotic that is used against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria by binding the D-alanyl-D-alanine moiety of the peptidoglycan cell wall precursor, inhibiting the peptidoglycan synthesis and disrupting its cross linking. It also inhibits particle formation when it reacts with human plasma, which can lead to hemolysis and hemagglutination. The absorption spectrum for vancomycin hydrochloride shows maxima at 230, 260, 290, and 320 nm, which are characteristic for this compound. Vancomycin has been used in several studies for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.</p>

<p>Boromycin is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the fermentation of certain strains of Streptomyces bacteria. It operates as an ionophore with the ability to transport ions across lipid membranes, effectively disrupting ionic gradients. This mechanism of action compromises essential cellular processes in target organisms, thereby exerting its antimicrobial effects.</p>

<p>Quinolone antibiotic; antimalarial</p>

<p>Cefpodoxime acid is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Isepamicin Sulphate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. It is used for treating infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide that disrupts cell membrane potential and causes leakage from the cell. The antibacterial effects are limited to gram-positive bacteria since daptomycin can’t reach the outer membrane of gram-negative species. It is often used for infections cause by vancomycin-resistant enterococci and staphylococci.</p>

<p>Sitafloxacin sesquihydrate is a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal infections.</p>

<p>Kanamycin is a broad spectrum antibiotic active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is used to treat severe infections including sepsis and tuberculosis. It  is another selection agent commonly used to screen bacteria, such as, E. coli, but also suitable for yeast specie,s such as, P. pastoris and plastid transformation of tobacco.</p>

<p>25-Desacetylrifampin is the main metabolite of rifampicin, used in the treatment of tuberculosis. 25-Desacetylrifampin has partial actvity.</p>

<p>Cephalothin sodium is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections such as respiratory tract infections and skin infections.</p>

<p>Antibiotic of tetracycline class; protein synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Meropenem trihydrate has broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as, some mycoplasma species. It inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to bacterial penicillin-binding proteins (PBP), which impairs cell wall integrity, induces the formation of reactive oxygen species, and inhibits macromolecular synthesis in bacteria. It can be used to prevent bacterial growth after being exposed to meropenem through fluorescence imaging of human blood plasma. Meropenem trihydrate research studies showed a reduction of the allergen levels in patients with respiratory allergies or asthma, specifically dust mites, cockroaches, animal dander, pollen grains, etc. by inhibit allergen-induced sensitization of mast cells.</p>

<p>A sulfanilide anti-bacterial agent used to treat various skin diseases</p>

<p>Nitrofurantoin is an antimicrobial agent, which is a synthetic chemical compound with bactericidal activity. Its source is synthetic, originating from the nitrofuran class of compounds. Nitrofurantoin's mode of action involves the inhibition of essential bacterial enzymes. It is reduced by bacterial flavoproteins to active intermediates, which subsequently alter or disrupt ribosomal proteins, DNA, and other vital macromolecules within bacterial cells, thereby inhibiting key metabolic processes.</p>

<p>Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic, which is a synthetic fluoroquinolone with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Its source lies in its chemical synthesis, designed to inhibit bacterial enzymes necessary for DNA replication. The mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are critical enzymes for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, and repair. This dual inhibitory mechanism disrupts bacterial cell division and growth, leading to the eventual eradication of susceptible bacterial strains.</p>

<p>Tetracycline hydrochloride - USP is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a synthetic derivative of chlortetracycline produced from the bacterium *Streptomyces aureofaciens*. It functions by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria, specifically binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This action prevents the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, thereby halting bacterial growth and replication.</p>

<p>Balofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections. It inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, preventing DNA replication and transcription.</p>