Indicators

<p>Nonhydrolyzable fluorescent glucose analog used to monitor glucose uptake</p>

<p>Single isomer of 5(6)-ROX. It is a fluorescent dye used in RT-PCR methods as an internal reference to determine fluorescence variation that is not associated with the amplification process (plastic of the wells, small differences in concentration or volume, instrument measurements). It produces a constant fluorescence emission signal during the PCR process that is used to normalise the emission produced by the reporter. The fluorescence signal is compatible with that of most reporters. It is used to label the 5’ end of oligonucleotides as a reporter in the presence of a quencher at the 3’ end (dual labelled probe). During amplification, the dye is cleaved, and the fluorescence increases proportionally with the amount of the specific sequence amplified during the PCR process. The development of the fluorescence signal is therefore specifically related to the amplification of the target sequence. 6-ROX with NHS-activated carboxylic acids reacts with primary amines.</p>

<p>5-(6)-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) is a fluorescent dye that is used as a probe for DNA-based analysis. It binds to the 5' end of dsDNA, forming an intrastrand duplex. The fluorescence of TAMRA increases when it binds to dsDNA and can be used as a measure of the amount of DNA in a sample. TAMRA has been shown to be useful in the diagnosis of bowel disease and in the investigation of gene expression during body formation. This dye is also used as a marker for covalent linkages and high molecular weight proteins such as cyclin D2.</p>

<p>Fluorescent probe</p>

<p>Indocyanine green is a fluorescent dye with a variety of applications in medical imaging. It has been used to diagnose and evaluate the activity of cancer cells and brain functions. Indocyanine green has also been used as an angiographic agent for diagnosis of solid tumours. In addition, it can be used to evaluate liver function and the blood flow in the brain. The biological properties of indocyanine green have not yet been fully elucidated, but it is known that it binds to hepatocyte-like cells in culture and is found at high levels in human serum. This dye shows fluorescence when bound to DNA or RNA, which indicates its possible use as a molecular probe for detecting carcinoma cells. <br>Indocyanine green is a STT3B inhibitor and has been shown to prevent α-amanitin toxicity in mice (Wang et al, 2023). This means it could be a possible antidote to poisoning by Amanita, such as death cap mushroom Amanita phalloides, which is the cause of over 90% of fatal mushroom poisoning.</p>

<p>Fluorogenic substrate for esterase; cell-permeable</p>

<p>5-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine - (TAMRA) is a widely employed fluorescent dye (orange/red) that is suitable for different uses. In PCR applications, it has been used as both a reporter at the 5’ or as a quencher at the 3’ end. TAMRA-labelled oligonucleotides have been used to study interactions with DNA or DNA/protein interactions. It is an excellent fluorescent acceptor for FRET applications with a suitable dye pair. It is used as a protein/antibody labelling agent for structural studies, immunochemistry and flow cytometry. Bioconjugation is generally performed through coupling of the carboxylic acid to a primary amine at the N-terminus of a protein, on lysine side chains or amino-modified oligonucleotide.</p>

<p>5-Carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM) is a self-quenching dye and one of the most common labelling agents for biomolecules, cell staining and localisation studies. The fluorescence is pH dependent, therefore it has been used to measure the internal pH of cells. As it is only membrane permeable to dead cells, it can be used as a staining agent to distinguish viable and non-viable cells. It is also used in PCR to label the 5’ end of oligonucleotides in the presence of a quencher at the 3’ end (dual labelled probe). During the amplification process, the dye is cleaved and the fluorescence increases proportionally with the amount of the specific sequence amplified during the PCR process. The development of the fluorescence signal is therefore specifically related to the amplification of the target sequence. The carboxylic acid can be activated to react with a primary amine.</p>

<p>Nucleic Acid Dye Green I is a DNA-staining dye that has found application in various high resolution assays for the detection of microbial or viral contaminant DNA.</p>

<p>Produces a fluorogenic signal in the presence of peroxidase</p>

<p>Reactive fluorescent labeling reagent</p>

<p>Produces a fluorogenic signal in the presence of peroxidase</p>

<p>6-Carboxytetramethyl rhodamine is a fluorescent dye that is used to measure the presence of cancer cells in urine samples. It binds to human protein and has been shown to be a useful probe for fluorescence measurements. 6-Carboxytetramethyl rhodamine has also been used as a fluorescence probe for the detection of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and michaelis–menten kinetics in cyclic peptides.</p>