Antimicrobials

<p>Membrane-disrupting agent</p>

<p>Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic, which is a synthetic fluoroquinolone with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Its source lies in its chemical synthesis, designed to inhibit bacterial enzymes necessary for DNA replication. The mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are critical enzymes for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, and repair. This dual inhibitory mechanism disrupts bacterial cell division and growth, leading to the eventual eradication of susceptible bacterial strains.</p>

<p>Tenofovir is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with action on viral reverse transcriptase to block replication and is used for treating HIV/AIDS and chronic hepatitis B.</p>

<p>Emtricitabine is an antiviral drug that is used to treat chronic viral hepatitis, which is caused by the hepatitis B and C viruses. The drug blocks the activity of reverse transcriptase, which is an enzyme necessary for the replication of viral RNA in the body. Emtricitabine has been shown to be effective against acute hepatitis B virus infection and chronic hepatitis B virus infection with or without cirrhosis. It also has been shown to be effective against chronic hepatitis C virus infection with or without cirrhosis.</p>

<p>Erythromycin stearate is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and sexually transmitted infections.</p>

<p>Chlorotetracycline monohydrochloride is an antibiotic designed for culture media use. It is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces aureofaciens*, and functions primarily by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. This action prevents the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosomal acceptor site, effectively halting the growth of bacteria by disrupting protein production, which is essential for their survival and replication.</p>

<p>Cytarabine is also known as cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) and is a chemotherapy drug that works by inhibiting DNA synthesis. It acts as a nucleoside analogue, which is incorporated into the growing DNA chain during replication. Cytarabine combines a cytosine base with an arabinose sugar (1β-arabinofuranosylcytosine) and is an analog for human deoxycytosine. Cytarabine interferes with DNA synthesis as it is rapidly converted to cytosine arabinoside triphosphate, damaging DNA when cells are in the synthesis phase (S phase). Tumor cells which are highly mitotic and growing rapidly are therefore preferably targeted. Cytarabine also inhibits nucleotide reductase enzymes as well as nuclear polymerases, leading to interruption and inhibition of synthesis, strand breaks and cell death.</p>

<p>α-Apo-oxytetracycline is a degradation product of oxytetracycline with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research on antibiotic activity and bacterial resistance.</p>

<p>Cefepime dihydrochloride monohydrate is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections, including pneumonia and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Fluoroquinolone; gyrase inhibitor</p>

<p>STAADIUMTM GlucuroniZide is a targeted inhibitor of glucuronidase-producing bacteria, which is activated by E. coli-specific glucuronidase enzyme. Glucuronidases are enzymes catalyzing the cleavage of complex carbohydrates and E. coli is a well-known producer. In complex cultures, E. coli strains often outcompete bacteria that present at lower titre and STAADIUMTM GlucuroniZide can help to selectively reduce the growth of E. coli. STAADIUMTM GlucuroniZide can be used in microbiome studies, food control, environmental safety, hygiene, and clinical diagnostics. More details can be found in the application notes document.</p>

<p>Rupintrivir is a peptidomimetic antiviral with action on rhinovirus 3C protease to inhibit viral replication and is used for research on rhinovirus and other viral infections.</p>

<p>Florfenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used for the treatment of various bacteria infections. This drug is used in veterinary medicine and to treat animals with those infections. This drug works by inhibiting bacteria synthesis. It is a fluorinated synthetic analog of thiamphenicol.</p>

<p>(S)-6,7-Dihydro-2-nitro-6-[[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methoxy]-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine ia slo known as PA-824. An anti-tuberculosis drug that affects both replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis via cell wall inhibition and respiratory poisoning..</p>

<p>4'-Epidaunorubicin hydrochloride is an anthracycline antibiotic derivative, which is synthesized from modifications of natural products. It functions as a topoisomerase II inhibitor, which intercalates into DNA strands and disrupts replication and transcription, thereby inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. This compound is primarily utilized in the field of oncology for its potent anti-tumor activities. By forming stable complexes with DNA and topoisomerase II, 4'-Epidaunorubicin hydrochloride induces breaks in the DNA strands, leading to apoptosis of cancer cells. It is often used in treatment protocols for various malignancies, including leukemia and solid tumors. While highly effective, its administration is carefully managed to mitigate potential cardiotoxicity, a common attribute of anthracycline drugs. Research continues to explore its full potential and optimize delivery methods to enhance its therapeutic index.</p>

<p>A competitive inhibitor of HCV NS3/4A protease that blocks viral replication. Efficacious in treating HCV-infected patients in combination with daclatasvir. Asunaprevir-resistant replicons are sensitive to NS5A replication complex inhibitor, suggesting potential combination therapy.</p>

<p>Antibiotic; anti-protozoal; anti-helmintic; protein synthesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase; immunosuppressant</p>

<p>STAADIUM™ GlucuroniZide is a targeted inhibitor of glucuronidase-producing bacteria, which is activated by E. coli-specific glucuronidase enzyme. Glucuronidases are enzymes catalysing the cleavage of complex carbohydrates and E. coli is a well-known producer. In complex cultures, E. coli strains often outcompete bacteria that present at lower titre and STAADIUM™ GlucuroniZide can help to selectively reduce the growth of E. coli. STAADIUM™ GlucuroniZide can be used in microbiome studies, food control, environmental safety, hygiene, and clinical diagnostics. More details can be found in the application notes document.</p>

<p>Herbicidin E is a potent herbicidal compound, derived from blue-green algae, with a biochemical mode of action focused on inhibiting photosynthetic electron transport. It effectively disrupts the photosynthetic process by binding to specific sites within the chloroplasts of target plants, impairing their ability to convert light energy into chemical energy. This leads to a depletion of essential energy reserves, resulting in the controlled demise of the plant.</p>