Antimicrobials

<p>Cefazolin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is an effective cephalosporin antibiotic against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Cefazolin is used in clinical isolates to inhibit the growth of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus, resistant microorganisms, and systemic inflammation. Some studies has shown good results to inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) production in cell culture.</p>

<p>Tenofovir alafenamide (free base) is a prodrug of tenofovir with action on viral reverse transcriptase to block replication and is used for treating HIV/AIDS and chronic hepatitis B with improved safety profile.</p>

<p>Laidlomycin is an ionophore compound with a mode of action that disrupts ion gradients in bacterial cells. It is used as a feed additive to improve feed efficiency in cattle.</p>

<p>**Sulbactam pivoxyl** is a prodrug, which is a chemically modified form of sulbactam intended to improve its pharmacokinetic properties. Sulbactam itself is a beta-lactamase inhibitor of synthetic origin, specifically designed to combat antibiotic resistance by inhibiting the beta-lactamase enzymes produced by certain bacteria. These enzymes typically break down beta-lactam antibiotics, rendering them ineffective.</p>

<p>Monensin is a polyether ionophore antibiotic, which is derived from the fermentation of the bacterium *Streptomyces cinnamonensis*. It operates by disrupting ion transport across biological membranes, primarily by facilitating the exchange of sodium and potassium ions. This ionophore action alters the osmotic balance in target cells, leading to their destabilization and death, particularly in Gram-positive bacteria and certain protozoa.</p>

<p>1-(6-Amino-3,5-difluoro-2-pyridinyl)-7-[3-[3-[[1-(6-amino-3,5-difluoro-2-pyridinyl)-3-carboxy-8-chloro-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-quinolinyl]amino]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1-azetidinyl]-8-chloro-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, engineered through synthetic chemistry. It is derived from chemical sources involving complex organic synthesis, highlighting its intricate molecular architecture. Its mode of action is distinctive, as it inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes crucial for DNA replication and transcription. This interference with bacterial DNA processes results in bactericidal effects, effectively eliminating susceptible bacterial strains.</p>

<p>Retrocyclin-1 trifluoroacetate salt is a synthetic antimicrobial peptide, which is derived from humanized sequences based on the theta-defensin family, originally found in certain primates. Retrocyclin-1 is particularly notable for its circular structure which contributes to its stability and biological activity. The peptide is produced through a process of solid-phase peptide synthesis, designed to mimic the native cyclic conformation of natural theta-defensins.</p>

<p>N-Acetal bromopride is a chemical compound that serves as a derivative of bromopride, which is a selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. This derivative is synthesized from bromopride, typically through organic chemical processes, and modified to possess an acetal functional group. The presence of this functional group potentially alters its pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties, although these specific changes may still be under research.</p>

<p>Clindamycin 3-phosphate is an antibiotic prodrug, which is a derivative of clindamycin. It is semisynthetic with a synthetic origin, derived by chemically modifying the natural compound lincomycin obtained from the bacterium *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. The mode of action of Clindamycin 3-phosphate involves the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis. It binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby interfering with the translocation step in protein elongation, ultimately leading to the suppression of bacterial growth.</p>

<p>Lactoferricin B (4-14) (bovine) trifluoroacetate salt is a peptide derivative, which is a fragment derived from bovine lactoferrin. It is obtained by enzymatic digestion of lactoferrin, a glycoprotein with a well-established role in the innate immune system. This specific peptide, Lactoferricin B (4-14), is known for its potent antimicrobial properties, attributed to its amphipathic structure that facilitates the disruption of microbial membranes. Additionally, it can modulate immune responses through interactions with immune cells, thereby influencing inflammatory processes.</p>

<p>Gentamicin C1 pentaacetate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research and analytical applications.</p>

<p>Lumefantrine is an antimalarial compound with a mode of action that inhibits heme detoxification in Plasmodium parasites. It is used in combination with artemether for treating malaria.</p>

<p>Sulfadimethoxine sodium is a sulfonamide antibiotic with action on bacterial folate synthesis inhibition and is used for treating respiratory and urinary tract infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Cyclosporin V is an immunosuppressant medication with action on calcineurin inhibition and is used for preventing organ rejection in transplants and treating autoimmune diseases.</p>

<p>Ampicillin-sulbactam is a combination antibiotic, which is a pharmaceutical product derived from the penicillin class of beta-lactam antibiotics. Its source involves semi-synthetic processes, combining ampicillin with sulbactam. The mode of action of this compound is through the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Ampicillin specifically binds to penicillin-binding proteins, thereby disrupting the cross-linking process essential for maintaining cell wall structural integrity, leading to bacterial lysis. Sulbactam functions as a beta-lactamase inhibitor, enhancing the efficacy of ampicillin by preventing its degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes produced by certain resistant bacterial strains.</p>

<p>Adenosine analogue with antiviral activity</p>

<p>Sapecin is an antimicrobial peptide, which is derived from the hemolymph of the silk moth (Bombyx mori) with potent bactericidal action. The source of Sapecin is the immune system of the silk moth, where it acts as a natural defense mechanism against microbial infections. Its mode of action involves disrupting bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis and death. The peptide achieves this by inserting itself into the lipid bilayer, creating pores that compromise the structural integrity of the membrane.</p>

<p>Dicresulene Hydrate is an anti-inflammatory compound, which is derived from synthetic sources. It functions primarily by inhibiting specific enzymes involved in the inflammatory response. This inhibition reduces the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, thereby mitigating inflammation and associated symptoms.</p>

<p>Gentamicin C2 sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating severe bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Aripiprazole monohydrate is an atypical antipsychotic medication, which is synthesized through chemical processes involving aryl piperazine derivatives. It acts primarily as a partial agonist at dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and as an antagonist at 5-HT2A receptors, with additional activity at other neurotransmitter receptors. This unique mechanism of action sets it apart from typical antipsychotics that predominantly function as dopamine antagonists.</p>