Phenylpropanoids

Ether phenol

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Aromatic ether

Ether alcohol phenol

Natural glycoside

Natural glycoside

Tartaric acid ester

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Compound with non-condensed furan ring

Natural glycoside

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Lactone

Lactone

Lactone

Carboxylic acid with additional oxygen functions

Natural glycoside

Polyphenol

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Oxygen-heterocyclic compound

Lactone

Carboxylic acid with additional oxygen functions

Phenol alcohol

Lactone

<p>1-Caffeoylquinic acid is a naturally occurring phenolic compound, which is a type of organic substance commonly found in various plants. This compound is derived primarily from sources such as coffee beans, artichokes, and numerous fruits and vegetables, reflecting its widespread occurrence in the plant kingdom. As a chlorogenic acid, 1-Caffeoylquinic acid functions primarily as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. It also demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.</p>

<p>Nepetoidin B is a natural compound, specifically a type of iridoid, which is isolated from plants belonging to the Nepeta genus, commonly known as catmint or catnip. These plants are well-known for producing a variety of iridoid compounds that have ecological roles, especially in plant-insect interactions. Nepetoidin B acts primarily as a natural repellent and deterrent against various insect species. Its effectiveness stems from its ability to interfere with the sensory receptors of insects, altering their behavior and reducing their interaction with the plant.</p>

<p>Butein is a chalcone compound, which is a naturally occurring flavonoid found primarily in plants such as Rhus verniciflua and other members of the Anacardiaceae family. It is characterized by its notable biological activities, particularly due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Butein exerts its effects through various modes of action, including the inhibition of specific enzyme activities like tyrosinase and cyclooxygenase, as well as the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.</p>

<p>Malabaricone A is a naturally occurring compound, which is a diarylnonanoid isolated from the fruits of Myristica malabarica, commonly known as the Malabar nutmeg tree. This compound exhibits diverse biological activities due to its unique chemical structure, primarily contributing to its mode of action as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Malabaricone A scavenges free radicals and modulates cellular pathways involved in the inflammatory response, making it a potential therapeutic candidate in the management of oxidative stress-related disorders.</p>

<p>Trans-Resveratrol-3,4'-disulfate is a sulfate conjugate of resveratrol, which is a natural polyphenolic compound. It is commonly derived from the metabolic processes involving resveratrol, a compound found in the skin of grapes, berries, and peanuts. As a metabolite, it is typically produced in the liver through sulfation, mediated by sulfotransferase enzymes. This conversion enhances the solubility and stability of resveratrol, potentially increasing its bioavailability compared to its parent compound.</p>

<p>Chicoric acid is a polyphenolic compound, which is primarily derived from chicory (Cichorium intybus) and echinacea (Echinacea purpurea). It serves as a secondary metabolite in these plants, contributing to their defense mechanisms. The mode of action of chicoric acid involves the inhibition of enzymes involved in the degradation of key cellular components, effectively reducing oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory responses.</p>

<p>4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a polyphenolic compound, which is primarily a derivative of chlorogenic acids found in various plants, notably within the Asteraceae family. It is naturally sourced from leaves, fruits, and other plant tissues where it plays a critical role in the plant's defense mechanisms. It functions through its ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby exhibiting significant antioxidant activity. This compound can inhibit oxidative stress by neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus protecting cellular structures from damage.</p>

<p>Malabaricone B is a bioactive compound, which is a phenolic compound sourced from the seeds of the Myristica malabarica plant, commonly known as Indian bay leaf. This compound exhibits significant pharmacological activity, particularly in its ability to inhibit various inflammatory mediators.</p>

<p>1,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, specifically a type of caffeoylquinic acid, which is derived from various plant species including certain vegetables, fruits, and herbs. This compound is a result of biochemical synthesis within the plant, where it plays various roles, primarily in the defense mechanisms against pathogens and oxidative stress. The mode of action of 1,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid centers on its potent antioxidant capabilities. It scavenges free radicals, thus protecting cellular components from oxidative damage, and exhibits anti-inflammatory properties through modulation of inflammatory pathways. The compound's ability to inhibit specific enzymes and signaling molecules contributes to its therapeutic potential.</p>

<p>Dimethylcurcumin is a synthetic, small-molecule compound that is a derivative of curcumin, a naturally occurring polyphenol found in the spice turmeric. Curcumin is known for its various biological activities, but its clinical use is limited due to poor bioavailability. Dimethylcurcumin is chemically modified to enhance its stability and bioavailability, making it a more potent alternative.</p>

<p>4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde is a phenolic aldehyde, which is commonly found as a major component of certain essential oils, such as those extracted from cinnamon bark. This compound is notable for its prominent role in biological and chemical processes, sourced chiefly from the bark of Cinnamomum species.</p>

<p>Hypophyllanthin is a lignan compound, which is a secondary metabolite derived from various species of the genus Phyllanthus. These plants are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and have been used in traditional medicine across cultures. The compound serves as an active constituent within the plant extract, contributing to its pharmacological properties.</p>

<p>Resveratrol is a natural phenylpropanoid of the family of stilbenoids and is present in red wines and certain foods. Resveratrol has been deeply studied for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. In Vero cells, resveratrol at 50 μM has shown to have the ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication by 98% when added after infection. Featured reference paper: Rossi et al, 2021; Yang et al, 2021.</p>

<p>4’-Demethyldehydropodophyllotoxin is a semi-synthetic lignan, which is a refined and modified product from natural lignans found in certain plant species, particularly those in the genus Podophyllum. This compound undergoes a sophisticated extraction and synthesis process to enhance its biological activity and pharmacological properties.</p>

<p>Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory; anti-cancer agent; HSP90 inhibitor</p>

<p>1,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a polyphenolic compound, which is naturally occurring in various plants, including artichokes and coffee. This compound is part of a larger group of chlorogenic acids that are esterified products of caffeic acid and quinic acid. The mode of action of 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid involves its ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby exhibiting potent antioxidant activity. Additionally, it modulates signaling pathways involved in inflammation, contributing to its anti-inflammatory effects.</p>

<p>Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active phenolic compound found in honeybee propolis that has the potential to downregulate inflammation in mammals. Studies demonstrated that CAPE specifically inhibits the protein complex NF-κB - a key player in inflammation, associated with the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. Moreover, CAPE inhibits the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase and the production of nitric oxide by macrophages, also responsible for inflammation. By acting on T cells, CAPE can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase the production of anti-inflammatory ones, leading to a less overwhelming immune response to allergens.</p>

<p>Coniferyl alcohol is a monolignol compound, which is a significant precursor in the biosynthesis of lignin, a major structural component of plant cell walls. It is primarily sourced from the metabolic pathways of various vascular plants, where it plays a crucial role in lignin polymerization. The mode of action involves its enzymatic conversion into lignin through oxidative coupling reactions catalyzed by peroxidases and laccases. This process contributes to the rigidity and impermeability of the plant cell walls, enhancing the plant's structural integrity and resistance to pathogens.</p>

<p>Podophyllotoxin is a potent antimitotic agent, which is derived from the roots and rhizomes of plants belonging to the genus Podophyllum, such as Podophyllum peltatum and Podophyllum emodi. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of microtubule assembly, leading to the disruption of mitotic spindle formation during cell division. This results in the arrest of cell proliferation, making it particularly effective against rapidly dividing cells.</p>

<p>Demethoxycurcumin is a natural bioactive compound, which is a type of curcuminoid. It is derived from the rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, a member of the ginger family. Demethoxycurcumin is one of the primary components contributing to the characteristic yellow color of turmeric.</p>

<p>Sinapinic acid is a small, organic phenolic compound, which is derived primarily from plant sources, notably from the seeds of plants in the Brassicaceae family. It functions as a matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry, where it facilitates the ionization and desorption of analytes. This process involves the transfer of energy from the laser to the sample via the matrix, resulting in the ionization of the analyte molecules for subsequent mass spectrometric analysis.</p>

<p>Anti-cancer agent; anti-oxidant; anti-inflammatory; antimicrobial</p>

<p>Malabaricone C is a bioactive compound which is extracted from the roots of trees belonging to the genus Myristica. These trees are well-known for producing a diverse array of secondary metabolites with unique biological activities. Derived primarily through careful extraction processes from these natural sources, Malabaricone C has been characterized by its distinct ability to modulate inflammatory pathways and exhibit antimicrobial properties. The compound is known to interfere with specific biochemical targets, potentially inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and disrupting microbial cell mechanisms.</p>

<p>Neochlorogenic acid is a phenolic compound, specifically a type of polyphenol, commonly found in various plants, including fruits, vegetables, and coffee beans. It is derived from natural sources through the metabolism of chlorogenic acid pathways in plants. As a powerful antioxidant, neochlorogenic acid works by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in biological systems.</p>

<p>(+)-Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol is a lignan, which is a type of phenolic compound naturally occurring in a variety of plant species, including those in the families Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae, and others. As a secondary metabolite derived from the oxidative coupling of coniferyl alcohol, it plays roles in plant defense and structural integrity.</p>

<p>3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a polyphenolic compound, which is naturally found in various plant species, particularly in coffee and certain herbal plants. This compound serves as a secondary metabolite within these plants, contributing to their defense mechanisms against pathogens and environmental stress. The compound exhibits its mode of action primarily through its powerful antioxidant activity. By scavenging free radicals and inhibiting oxidative stress pathways, it helps in protecting cellular components from oxidative damage.</p>

<p>3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamyl alcohol is a phenolic compound, which is a derivative of cinnamyl alcohol and known for its antioxidant properties. It is typically isolated from plant sources, especially those with rich secondary metabolite profiles such as certain herbs and spices. The compound functions by donating hydrogen atoms to free radicals, thereby neutralizing them and preventing oxidative stress on cells.</p>