Cinnamic Acids

<p>Caffeic acid is naturally produced by the metabolism of plants and fungi. Caffeic acid has an antioxidant activity that can be higher than tocopherol in oil-in-water emulsions. Caffeic acid has proven antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In mice, caffeic acid inhibits the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase thus inhibititing the biosynthesis of the inflammatory mediators leukotrienes.</p>

<p>Methyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate is a natural phenolic compound that is found in small quantities in many plants and foods. It is used to produce other compounds, such as vanillin, which are used as flavoring agents. Methyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate can be quantified using the enzymatic reaction of peroxidase with 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzene. The kinetics of this reaction have been studied by titration calorimetry. Aspergillus niger catalase has been shown to be sensitive to methyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate. Birch and oak wood lignocellulosic biomass can be converted into sugars through a hydrolysis process with methyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate. The carbohydrate content of birch and oak wood was reduced by approximately 60</p>

<p>Hydroxycinnamic acid; inhibitor of 5-LO and 12-LO enzymes</p>

<p>Methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate (MTMC) is a compound that has been used as the active ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cardiac disease. It has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on ventricular myocytes and to induce apoptosis in rat heart cells. MTMC also inhibits neutrophil recruitment and reduces the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins. It has also been shown to be effective in treating congestive heart failure by blocking cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial apoptosis. Methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate has not been tested on humans or animals for safety or efficacy in treating depression.</p>

<p>a-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid is a cyclic peptide that has been shown to have cytotoxic and antimicrobial properties. It has been shown to be effective in reducing the viability of cells in vitro by interfering with DNA synthesis and cell signaling pathways, as well as causing oxidative stress. This compound also induces apoptosis in squamous carcinoma cells and hypoxic tumor cells; this effect may be due to its ability to induce the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. a-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid has been shown to produce antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, but not against Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</p>

<p>Trans-4-nitrocinnamic acid is an organic compound that is synthesized from 4-hydroxycinnamic acid by nitration with aqueous or alcoholic nitric acid. Trans-4-Nitrocinnamic acid has been shown to inhibit tyrosinase activity in the presence of metal hydroxides, such as copper, zinc, and iron. The reaction mechanism is unclear but may involve an initial protonation of the phenolic group followed by an electron transfer to the nitro group. This reaction results in an irreversible inhibition of tyrosinase activity. Trans-4-Nitrocinnamic acid also reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce a carboxylate salt that can be used for sample preparation.</p>

<p>2-Nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)cinnamic acid is a versatile building block that can be used in the synthesis of complex compounds. It is a useful reagent, speciality chemical, and reaction component. 2-Nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)cinnamic acid has been shown to be an intermediate for the synthesis of other compounds such as anti-tuberculosis drugs, antibiotics, and pharmaceuticals. This compound also has high quality and can be used as a scaffold for the synthesis of other compounds.</p>

<p>Cis-4-Hydroxycinnamic acid is a phenolic acid that is found in plants and is a natural compound. It has been shown to be an inhibitor of cell proliferation. Cis-4-Hydoxycinnamic acid inhibits the synthesis of DNA and RNA, which may inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi. This compound can be extracted from plant materials by acetate extract or preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cis-4-Hydoxycinnamic acid also has anti-inflammatory properties, which may be due to its inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.</p>

<p>3,4-Dimethoxy-5-hydroxycinnamic acid is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that belongs to the class of biochemical compounds. It is a promiscuous compound and can be found in many plants, such as coffee beans, black pepper, cinnamon, and thyme. 3,4-Dimethoxy-5-hydroxycinnamic acid has been shown to have antimicrobial properties against bacteria and fungi. The metabolomics study showed that this compound may also have anti-inflammatory effects. 3,4-Dimethoxy-5-hydroxycinnamic acid was shown to enhance the transcription of ferulic acid in E. coli cells. This compound was also shown to decrease the levels of transcripts for genes involved in lipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis in human liver cells.</p>

<p>4-Aminocinnamic acid hydrochloride (4ACA) is a synthetic compound that inhibits the bacterial membrane by binding to the polypeptide chain of the protein. It is a water-soluble polymer that is capable of enhancing the water solubility of other compounds and has been shown to inhibit the growth of typhimurium. 4ACA binds to chalcone, anilines, and styrene, which are all substrates for bacterial enzymes. The interaction between 4ACA and these substrates alters their chemical properties and provides resistance to bacteria.</p>

<p>2,3-Methylenedioxycinnamic acid is a synthetic, isomeric compound. It has been postulated that this compound could be a topoisomerase poison and that it mediates the alkenylation of protoberberine alkaloids. The physicochemical properties of 2,3-methylenedioxycinnamic acid have not been determined.</p>

<p>Cis-4-Chloro-3-nitrocinnamic acid is an aromatic organic compound with potential utility in biochemical research and synthesis. This compound is typically derived from synthetic chemical processes involving chlorination and nitration reactions on cinnamic acid derivatives. Its molecular structure, characterized by both chloro and nitro functional groups, allows it to interact in unique ways with various biochemical pathways and molecular frameworks.</p>

<p>Ethyl 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate is a cinnamic acid derivative that has significant cytotoxicity and anticancer activity. It inhibits the growth of Leishmania parasites by inhibiting the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid, which is essential for cell division and survival. Ethyl 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in vitro by binding to DNA at dipole sites and disrupting the integrity of the molecule. This compound also has optical properties that may be due to its ability to absorb light in the blue region of the spectrum. The anti-cancer effects of ethyl 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate may be related to its ability to inhibit cell growth.</p>

<p>4-Aminocinnamic acid is a monomer that can be polymerized to form polymers. It is soluble in organic solvents and is resistant to UV light. 4-Aminocinnamic acid has been shown to have photochemical properties and can be used to produce hydrogen bonds with other molecules. This compound has been used as a carbon source for microbial growth and has been shown to be an effective genetic control agent for the bacteria Escherichia coli. 4-Aminocinnamic acid has also been shown to inhibit the growth of butyric acid producing bacteria, such as Clostridium butyricum, while promoting the growth of lactic acid producing bacteria, such as Lactobacillus plantarum.</p>

<p>3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid (TMC) is a hydroxycinnamic acid that is an intermediate in the synthesis of protocatechuic acid. TMC has been found to have an inhibitory effect on the matrix metalloproteinase activity in the cerebellar granule cells and may be useful for treating allergic reactions. It also has anti-inflammatory properties and can be used as a replacement for sodium carbonate in certain industrial processes. TMC also has been shown to have GABA-ergic effects, increasing locomotor activity and reducing anxiety. TMC can also be used as a Chinese herb for the treatment of ganoderma lucidum.</p>

<p>3,4,5-Tricaffeoylquinic acid is a caffeoylquinic acid derivative that exerts an inhibitory effect on the Toll-like receptor. It also has anti-inflammatory properties. 3,4,5-Tricaffeoylquinic acid has been shown to exhibit strong antiviral and antibacterial activity against infectious diseases such as influenza and tuberculosis. The compound has also been used as a natural dye for food products and cosmetics. 3,4,5-Tricaffeoylquinic acid is used in vitro assays for the identification of compounds with potential antioxidant activity. This compound is also used as a matrix effect to determine the bioavailability of other drugs in vitro and may be useful in analytical methods for determining benzalkonium chloride levels.</p>

<p>3,5-Dihydroxycinnamic acid is a metabolite of the amino acid tyrosine and an intermediate in the biosynthesis of phenylalanine. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties that may be due to its ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. 3,5-Dihydroxycinnamic acid has also been identified as a carcinogen and is associated with an increased risk of cancer in women. 3,5-Dihydroxycinnamic acid is found in urine samples at concentrations between 2 and 10 µmol/L.</p>

<p>3-Methoxycinnamic acid methyl ester is a high quality, versatile building block for the synthesis of complex compounds. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of reagents and fine chemicals. 3-Methoxycinnamic acid methyl ester has been used in research as a scaffold to create new chemical entities. This compound has been used as a reaction component in multistep syntheses and as a precursor to speciality chemicals.</p>

<p>4-Formylcinnamic acid is a molecule that is produced by the condensation of benzaldehyde and formic acid. The nmr spectra of 4-formylcinnamic acid show that it has a structure with two aromatic rings. It has been shown to activate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in human liver cells. The radiation induced photochemical properties of this molecule have been studied using x-ray diffraction data and the hydrochloric acid decoupling technique. This molecule has also been shown to suppress tumor xenografts in mice and primary cells in vitro, which may be due to its ability to inhibit cellular proliferation and induce cell death by apoptosis.</p>

<p>4-Methoxycinnamic acid methyl ester is an organic compound that has potential use as a reaction modifier. The C8-C9 alkene, which is a common structural motif in fatty acids and cinnamic acid derivatives, can be efficiently produced through the use of this chemical. This organic acid is also used to modify the reactivity of other molecules by changing their steric or electronic properties. It has been shown to increase the diameter of filamentous fungi and to have a significant effect on the selectivity for reactions involving alkene substrates.</p>