Quinones and Derivatives

<p>Applications Podophyllotoxin 4-O-glucoside is the glucoside derivative of Podophyllotoxin (P681000), a skin treatment for genital warts caused by some types of HPVs.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Marques, J.V., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 288, 466 (2013); Kelly, M.G. &amp; Hartwell, J.L.; J. of the Nat'l Cancer Inst., 14, 967 (1954); Gupta, R.S.; Somatic Cell Genetics, 7, 59 (1981); Gupta, R.S.; Cancer Research, 43, 505 (1983)<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Alternariol is an alternaria mycotoxin and genotoxin, found in common edible crops. It inhibits the activity of various DNA-topoisomerases, increasing the rate of DNA strand breaks.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Asam S et al. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Jun 24;57(12):5152-60.Fehr M et al. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009 Apr;53(4):441-51Vejdovszky K. et al. Toxicol Lett. 2017 Feb 5;267:45-52.<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled Vanillin. Occurs naturally in a wide variety of foods and plants such as orchids; major commercial source of natural vanillin is from vanilla bean extract. Synthetically produced in-bulk from lignin-based byproduct of paper processes or from guaicol.<br>References Jenner, P.M., et al.: Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 2, 327 (1964), Clark, G.S., et al.: Perfum. Flavor., 15, 45 (1990),<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Patulin (PAT), a mycotoxin produced by certain species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys, is mainly found in ripe apple and apple products. Patulin-induced genotoxicity and modulation of glutathione in Hep G2 cells. Patulin is an antibiotic. Patulin-induced nephropathy and gastrointestinal tract malfunction have been demonstrated in several animal models. The oral LD50 value of patulin ranges between 29 and 55 mg/kg body weight in rodents and 170 mg/kg body weight in poultry. The World Health Organization considers patulin cytotoxic and established a safety level of patulin in apple juice at 50 μM. At 100-200 μM, patulin can directly increase intracellular oxidative stress in HEK293 and HL-60 cells. In 1944, this compound was tested in a clinical trial for potential antibiotic<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Scott, P., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 20, 450 (1972), Aden, D., et al.: Nature, 282, 615 (1979), Surralles, J., et al.: Mutat. Res., 341, 169 (1995), Alves, I., et al.: Mutagenesis, 15, 229 (2000), Liu, B., et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 191, 255 (2003), Puel, O., Galtier, P., and Oswald, I.P. Biosynthesis and toxicological effects of patulin. Toxins 2(4) 613-631 (2010). Liu, B., Wu, T., Yu, F., et al. Induction of oxidative stress response by the mycotoxin patulin in mammalian cells. Toxicol Sci 95(2) 340-347 (2007). Chalmers, I., and Clarke, M. Commentary: The 1994 patulin trial: The first properly controlled multicentre trial conducted under the aegis of the British Medical Research Council. Int J Epidemiol 32 253-260 (2004).<br></p>