Monosaccharides

Benzoate is a carboxylic acid that is found in many fruits and vegetables. Benzoate can be metabolized by the body to form hydrogen chloride, which may cause irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. This chemical has been shown to have cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells in vitro. Benzoate also has an anti-inflammatory effect on insulin resistance and can be used as a topical treatment for psoriasis. The mechanism by which benzoate exerts its anticancer activity is not fully understood, but it may involve the production of reactive oxygen species or induction of apoptosis.

N-Nonyldeoxygalactonojirimycin (NDGJ) is a novel antiviral agent that inhibits the activity of viral enzymes, such as polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcriptase. NDGJ has been shown to inhibit the replication of hepatitis viruses in primary cells and human macrophages. The drug also inhibits the replication of human pathogens, such as HIV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1, and cytomegalovirus in cell culture. NDGJ has an effect on hydrophobic amino acids in protein synthesis by binding to them and preventing their attachment to the ribosomal surface. This leads to cell lysis through a process called osmotic shock.

1,4-Anhydro-D-mannitol is a sugar alcohol that belongs to the group of alditols. It is a tautomer of galactitol, which is found in fetal bovine serum. The dehydrated form of this compound has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity. 1,4-Anhydro-D-mannitol may be used as an intermediate in the production of polymers or as a cosmeceutical agent due to its high water solubility and low toxicity.

1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-acetyl-5-alkynyl-L-fucose is a per-O-acetylated version of 5-alkynyl-L-fucose, an inhibitor of the cellular fucosylation pathway. 1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-acetyl-5-alkynyl-L-fucose can pass through the eukaryotic cell membrane somewhat better than 5-alkynyl-L-fucose can itself, is deacetylated by cellular esterases and interferes with the biosynthesis of the fucosyl-donor and fucosyltransferase substrate GDP-Fuc, thus reducing fucosylation levels during glycoprotein biosynthesis (Dekkers, 2016).

UDP-D-glucuronide ammonium salt is a drug that is used for the treatment of estrogen-dependent cancers. It is an inhibitor of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme that catalyzes the glucuronidation of estrone and other substrates. The binding affinity of UDP-D-glucuronide ammonium salt can be increased by mutating the enzyme to increase its kinetic rate. This drug has been shown to inhibit estrogen production in recombinant human liver cells as well as in human liver cells. Mutations in the gene encoding this enzyme have also been associated with variations in estrogen levels, specifically high rates.

3-Phenyl-2-propenylbeta-D-glucopyranoside is a flavonoid that has been shown to have inhibitory properties. It has been used as an analytical method for the diagnosis of bronchial reactivity. The high resistance of 3-phenyl-2-propenylbeta-D-glucopyranoside to oxidation and reduction make it an interesting candidate for antiinflammatory agents. When testing the effects of this compound on human bronchial tissue, it was found that 3-phenyl-2-propenylbeta-D-glucopyranoside inhibited allergic symptoms by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes, which are released in response to allergens and other irritants in the airways. The use of this compound may be useful in the treatment of asthma patients who suffer from allergic reactions to dust, pollen, or animal dander.

Stability Hygroscopic
Applications 6-Deoxy-D-talose is an derivative of D-Talose (T005560), a monosaccharide sugar that can convert between aldose and ketose forms in pyridine in the presence of aluminum oxide.
References Davies, S.G., et al.: Org. Biomolec. Chem., 3, 348 (2005);

Applications D-Erythrulose is a tetrose carbohydrate that is used in various self-tanning cosmetics combined with dihydroxyacetone.
References Maeda, M., et al.: J. Biochem., 123, 602 (1998); Baykal, A., et al.: Bioorg. Chem., 34, 380 (2006);

Applications Useful substrate for the rapid colorimetric assay of N-Acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in human urine.
References Muruhn, D.: Clin. Chim. Acta, 73, 453 (1976)

Applications Used in the synthesis of novel bis(D-mannose) compounds.
References Holman, G.D., et al.: Carbohydrate Res., 135, 337 (1985),

C24:1 b-D-Galactosyl ceramide is a fatty acid that is found in mammalian cells. It is one of the major components of cerebrosides and gangliosides, which are important in the development and function of the brain. C24:1 b-D-Galactosyl ceramide has been shown to be an essential component of leukocytes, which are blood cells that help fight infection. The fatty acid composition of this molecule can be used as a marker for diagnosis and research on neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease.

Trans-Cinnamoyl b-D-glucoside is a plant tissue that can be used as a natural chemical transformation agent. Trans-Cinnamoyl b-D-glucoside is also a chemical catalyst in the synthesis of medicines. The structure of trans-Cinnamoyl b-D-glucoside has been shown to have a high degree of stereoselectivity and sensitivity to tissue culture conditions, which are due to its aldehydic group. This molecule is also able to form gels when combined with other molecules and exhibits endogenous activity.

4-Aminophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-a-D-galactopyranoside HCl is an oligosaccharide that is composed of glucose, galactose, and two amino acids. It has a molecular weight of 496.34 g/mol and a chemical formula of C14H20N2O8. This compound is synthesized by the click modification of 2,5-diaminopyridine with D -galactopyranosyl chloride. The methylation and glycosylation reactions are also performed to produce this compound.