Amino Acids (AA)

<p>Applications 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid, trans-Isoferulic acid<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Methyl-thiopropanal is used as an analytical standard for the quanitiative determination of 2-Furfurylthiol.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Sen, A. and Grosch, W.: Z. lebensm Unters Forsch, 192, 541 (1991)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Methylindoline is an intermediate in the production of various indole derivatives<br>References Severino, B., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 16, 6009 (2008); Zlotos, D., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 52, 826 (2009);<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-AMINO-2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE (cas# 2246-44-8) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-methoxypentanoic acid (cas# 70160-05-3) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Methyl-​γ-​phenoxybenzenepropanamine Hydrochloride is a reagent used in the preparation of novel molecules displaying potent MDR reversal activity in cancer.<br>References Velingkar, V. et al.: Chinese J. Chem., 29, 504 (2011);<br></p>

<p>Applications Potassium 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate (cas# 152312-71-5) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Furoylglycine is an intermediate used to prepare non-nucleoside inhibitors of HCV NS5b RNA polymerase. It is also used in the synthesis of benzimidazolylazabicyclooctylethylpiperidines as Ccr5 antagonists for the treatment of HIV infection.<br>References Antonysamy, S., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 18, 2990 (2008); Kazmierski, W., et al.: PCT Int. Appl. (2004), WO 2004054974 A2 20040701<br></p>

<p>Applications Bis(4-methylpentyl) Phthalate, is a phthalic acid ester (PAEs), widely used in many consumable products with potential carcinogenic properties. It is also the product of the fermentation of Streptomyces regnesis 099.<br></p>

<p>Applications L-Lysine-3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-d8 Dihydrochloride, is the labelled L-Lysine, a naturally occurring amino acid which is used in the labelling of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for analysis.<br>References Rocha, B. et al.: J. Prot. Res., 11, 5350 (2012); Kumar, D. et al.: Polym. J., 45, 160 (2013);<br></p>

<p>Stability Air Sensitive, Moisture Sensitive<br>Applications (4-Formyl-5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)methyl dihydrogen phosphate hydrate (cas# 41468-25-1) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications β-Methylamino-L-alanine Hydrochloride is a useful intermediate in the synthesis of β-N-methylamino-L-alanine and other amino acid derivatives.<br>References Arevalo-Garcia, E. B., et al.: Tetrahedron Lett., 55, 2335 (2014); Sagiyan, A. S., et al.: Hayastani Kimiakan Handes, 61, 424 (2008); Sagiyan, A. S., et al.: Russ. Chem. Bull., 46, 483 (1997)<br></p>

<p>Stability Light Sensitive<br>Applications trans-β-Methylstyrene is an isomer of β-Methylstyrene (M301155), a styrene derivative that is used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of plasticizers, resins and polymers. trans-β-Methylstyrene is also produced from the combustion of methamphetamine (M258795).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Lin, H., et al.: Tetrahedron, Asym., 22, 134 (2011); Hirata, T., et al.: Tetrahedron., 54, 15993 (1998);<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-Methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (cas# 605-93-6) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications DL-Histidine-alpha,beta,beta-d3 (CAS# 344299-50-9) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Methoxyresorcinol (cas# 6100-60-3) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-METHOXYPHENYLACETAMIDE (cas# 6343-93-7) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-(4-methylphenyl)propan-1-ol (cas# 4371-50-0) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 7-Chloro-8-methylquinoline (cas# 78941-93-2) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications 1,2:4,5-bis-O-(1-Methylethylidene)-β-D-Fructopyranose is a reagent in the synthesis of antibacterial/antifungal monosaccaride esters. Also used in the synthesis of antihyperlipidemic novel compounds involving glycosyl fructose derivatives.<br>References Shen, Y. et al.: Molecules, 17, 8661 (2012); Tiwari, P. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 16, 6028 (2006);<br></p>

<p>Applications A protected glutamic acid for use in peptide synthesis.<br>References Takahashi, M., et al.: J. Exp. Biol., 200, 401 (1997), Michaelis, E., et al.: Prog. Neurobiol., 54, 369 (1998), Koch, H., et al.: Mol. Pharmacol., 55, 1044 (1999), O'Kane, R., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 274, 31891 (1999),<br></p>

<p>Applications 3,5-Dichloro-4-methylaniline<br></p>

<p>Applications 6-Methylmercaptopurine Riboside (cas# 342-69-8) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-Benzyloxy-6-methoxyindole (cas# 4790-04-9) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br>References McBride, C., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 16, 3789 (2006), Frost, J., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 51, 1904 (2008),<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-(2-Methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-3-phenyl-propanoic Acid (cas# 109089-77-2) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications L-Cysteine Hydrochloride<br></p>

<p>Impurity Esomeprazol EP Impurity A/ Omeprazole EP Impurity A<br>Applications 5-Methoxy-2-mercaptobenzimidazole (Esomeprazol EP Impurity A) is used in the synthesis of COX-2 inhibitors<br>References Frechette, S., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 18, 1502 (2008), Zhang, R., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 44, 3771 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-METHYL-2-PHENYL-2-PENTENAL (cas# 26643-91-4) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Methylsuccinimide is used as a model compound to investigate the mechanism of enolization step by density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. N-Methylsuccinimide is a metabolite of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and its presence in plasma and urine can be used as a biomarker of exposure to NMP<br>References Takahashi, O., et al.: Chem. Biodivers., 7, 1349 (2010)<br></p>

<p>Applications Metabolite of Theophylline and Caffeine.<br>References Yu, Ch. et al.: J. Bacteriol. 191, 4624 (2009); Geraets, L. et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol. 72, 902 (2006).<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-(4-Methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)diaziridine (cas# 87736-82-1) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications Naphthalenecarboxylic acid derivatives known for their antidote activity against urea and other herbicides.<br></p>

<p>Applications A labelled derivative of Dibarbituric acid.<br>References Hitchings, G.H., et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 177, 357 (1949),<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Methylbutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic Acid is an atmospheric oxidation product of α-pinene that is a tracer compound for atmospheric terpene secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Dette, H.P., et. al.: J. Phys. Chem. A., 118, 7024 (2014)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Methylpentane is used as a raw material/intermediate in organic synthesis, rubber solvent, and vegetable oil extraction solvent.<br>References Choi, D., et al.: Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 920 (2015)<br></p>

<p>Applications Ademethionine-d3 1,4-Butanedisulfonate, is a labeled analogue of Ademethionine 1,4-Butanedisulfonate (A280355), used in the synthesis of sulfonio-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) salts.<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Methyl-valerophenone is an intermediate used in the synthesis of a-Pyrrolidinoisohexanophenone (Hydrochloride) (P841230), which is a phenone derivative used for research purposes.<br>References Guo, Z.K., et al.: Marine Drugs, 16, 45/1 (2018)<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-BOC-2,3-Dihydropyrrole-4-boronic acid, pinacol ester is a useful research chemical for organic synthesis and other chemical processes.<br>References Lewis, R. T., et al.: From PCT Int. Appl. (2017), WO 2017004359 A1 20170105<br></p>

<p>Applications (R)-D-Methioninol<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Boc-L-cis-4,5-Methanoprolineamide is an intermediate used to prepare methanoprolinenitrile-contg. dipeptide mimetics as DPP-IV inhibitors and as antidiabetic agents.<br>References Magnin, D., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 47, 2587 (2004)<br></p>

<p>Applications L-Lysine L-Malate is used in the preparation of amino acid ionic liquids for use in food and medical field.<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications Ferrous Bisglycinate is used in the fortification of infant formulations and foods.<br>References Fox, T. et al.: Am. J. Clin. Nutri., 67, 664 (1998); Heath, A. et al.: J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 20, 477 (2001);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Methyl-5-nitrobenzenesulfonamide is a chemical reagent in the synthesis of good inhibitors of cancer-related carbonic anhydrase. Also used in the synthesis of novel deacetylase inhibitors used in anti-tumor therapy.<br>References Moeker, J. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 57, 3522 (2014); Han, L. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 22, 1529 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Methylimidazole is a monomethylated imidazole that can be used as a building block in the preparation of a wide range of biologically active compounds. 4-Methylimidazole is a product which results from the interaction of reducing sugars with ammonia. 4-Methylimidazole showed convulsant activity in animals and is listed as a possible carcinogen.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Nishie, K. et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 14, 301 (1969): Cunha, S.C. et al.: J. Food Comp. Anal., 24, 609 (2011); Chan, P.C. et al.: Arch. Toxicol., 82, 55 (2008);<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Oxo-3-methylbutanoic acid (cas# 759-05-7) is a useful research chemical.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br></p>

<p>Applications (2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)(4-methylphenyl)methanone (cas# 1641-17-4) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-(2-METHOXYPHENETHYL)PIPERAZINE (cas# 6722-54-9) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Methoxyresorcinol (cas# 29267-67-2) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-Methoxy-N-methyl-N-(1-methylethyl)-α-oxo-1H-indole-3-acetamide is an intermediate used in the synthesis of 5-Methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyl Tryptamine (M271680), which is a psychedelic tryptamine related to N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine. 5-Methoxy MiPT potently inhibits the re-uptake of the monoamines serotonin and norepinephrine but does not affect dopamine re-uptake. 5-Methoxy MiPT has no effect on the release of monoamines from rat brain synaptosomes. This product is intended for forensic and research applications.<br>References Katagi, M., et al.: Jpn. J. Forensic Toxicol., 20, 303 (2002), Meatherall, R., et al.: J. Anal. Toxicol., 27, 313 (2003), Wilson, J., et al.: Forensic Sci. Int., 148, 31 (2005), Kamata, T., et al.: Drug Metab. Dispos., 34, 281 (2006),<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Methoxy-1-[4-(oxiranylmethoxy)phenyl]ethanone (cas# 110458-44-1) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane, is used as an extraction solvent to determine various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples though dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction along with GC-MS (gas chromatography- mass spectrometry).<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Rezaee, M., et al.: J. Chromat. A., 1116, 1 (2006)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1H-indol-5-ol is used as a reagent in the synthesis of tethered indoles as functionalizable ligands for estrogen receptor.<br>References Trogden, B.G., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 19, 485 (2009)<br></p>

<p>Applications 2-Methyl-4,6-bis(octylsulfanylmethyl)phenol (cas# 110553-27-0) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Stability Extremely Hygroscopic<br>Applications Labelled L-Arginine (A769500). An essential amino acid for human development. Precursor for nitric oxide. Ammonia detoxicant (hepatic failure); diagnostic aid (pituitary function).<br>References Miura, T., et al.: Anal. Biochem., 139, 432 (1984), Jones, et al.: Adv. Enzyme Regul., 9, 19 (1970), Borders, C.L., et al.: Protein. Sci., 3, 541 (1994),<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Methoxy-2',4',6',4-tetrahydroxychalcone piperidine complex (cas# 52218-19-6) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Methyl(4-methylnaphthalen-1-ylmethyl)amine is a reagent in the preparation of heterocyclic compounds as enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase FabI inhibitors and antibacterial agents.<br>References Stuetz, A., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 29, 112 (1986); Berman, J., et al.: PCT Int. Appl., 2004:515512 (2004)<br></p>

<p>Applications 5-methyl-2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)aniline (cas# 59194-21-7) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Methyl-p-tyramineúHCl (cas# 370-98-9) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Stability Volatile<br>Applications 3-ETHYL-3-METHYLHEPTANE (cas# 17302-01-1) is a useful research chemical.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br></p>

<p>Applications Intermediate for the preparation of Naratriptan and other indole sulfonamide derivatives.<br></p>

<p>Applications A red azoic dye.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Hoover, K., et al.: Chem. Res. Toxicol., 18, 1497 (2005), Altenburger, R., et al.: Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 24, 324 (2005), Gonzalez, M., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 13, 1775 (2005),<br></p>

<p>Applications H-PRO-GLU-OH (cas# 67644-00-2) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Methylaniline is used as an additive in gasoline because of its antiknock properties.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Liu, Li-jun, et al.: Huaxue Shiji, 37(1), 53-55, 96 (2015); Qin, Li-xia, et al.: Guangzhou Huagong, 43(8), 138-139, 148 (2015);<br></p>

<p>Applications Methyl 4-(Bromomethyl)-3-methoxybenzoate is an intermediate used to prepare heteroarylphenyloxoacetyl and heteroarylphenylsulfonyl benzoylpiperazine analogs of BMS 378806 as HIV entry inhibitors. It is also used to synthesize steroid 5α-reductase inhibiting acylpiperidines.<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br>References Lu, R., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 52, 4481 (2009); Picard, F., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 45, 3406 (2002)<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Bromo-6-methyl-3H-1,3-benzodiazole<br></p>

<p>Applications An antibody agent.<br>References Rowell, F. J., et al.: Immunochemistry, 13, 891 (1976),<br></p>

<p>Applications 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone-d9 is labeled 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (M326120), which is a versatile industrial solvent. NMP is currently approved for use only in veterinary pharmaceuticals. The determination of the disposition and metabolism of NMP in the rat will contribute toward understanding the toxicology of this exogenous chemical which man may likely be exposed to in increasing amounts.<br>References Southwell, D., et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 33, 3 (1981), Barry, W., et al.: J. Invest. Dermatol., 82, 49 (1984),<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Fluoro-4-methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid, pinacol ester is a useful intermediate for organic synthesis and other chemical transformations.<br>References Zhao, F., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 134, 147 (2017); Zhao, F., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 24, 4281 (2016)<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Methylbutyl Acetate-d3 (CAS# 1219804-75-7) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy-d3)butyric Acid (CAS# 1219803-42-5) is a useful isotopically labeled research compound.<br></p>

<p>Applications N-Fmoc-L-tyrosine Benzyl Ester is used to synthesize truncated analogues of preptin-(1-16) as possible osteoblast proliferation stimulant. It is also an intermediate used to prepare phosphotyrosinyl phosphoramidite derivatives useful in the incorporation of multiple reporter groups on synthetic oligonucleotides.<br>References Kowalczyk, R., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 22, 3565 (2014); Misiura, K., et al.: Nucl. Acids Res., 18, 4345 (1990)<br></p>

<p>Applications 5,6-Dihydro-5-methyluridine (cas# 23067-10-9) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Applications Ac-lys(ac)-oh was used in the reaction of HOCl with amino acids and peptides with ESR evidence for rapid rearrangement and fragmentation reactions of nitrogen-centered radicals.<br>References Hawkins, C., et al.: J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, 9, 1937 (1998);<br></p>

<p>Applications 4-Methyl-1-[3-nitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazole, is a 4-methyl-1H-imidazole (4-MEI) derivative.<br></p>

<p>Applications β-Hydroxyisobutanol is used as a reagent in the synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridinecarbonyl-substituted spirocyclic piperidine ketals as inhibitors of HCV protein NS4B and of hepatitis C viral replication and their lack of cytotoxicity in human cells.<br>References Tai, V.W.-F., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 24, 2288 (2014);<br></p>

<p>Stability Hygroscopic<br>Applications 2S,2’S,5S)-5-Hydroxy Lysinonorleucine is one of the stereoisomers of 5-Hydroxylysinonorleucine, reduced collagen cross links.<br>References Astbury, C., et al.: Br. J. Rheumatol., 33, 11 (1994), Watts, N., et al.: Clin. Chem., 45, 1359 (1999), Banse, X., et al.: Bone, 31, 70 (2002),<br></p>

<p>Applications Labeled Sucrose (S697000). Yuanzhen sugar is a polysaccharide polymer, containing a certain amount of fructooligosaccharides.<br>References Watanabe, T., et al.: Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 72, 3167 (2008), You, Y., et al.: J. Agric. Food Chem., 57, 709 (2009),<br></p>

<p>Applications 3-Amino-4-methylbenzamide is useful for preparing heteroaryl compounds ERK1/ERK2 inhibitors.<br>References Qiao, L.: PCT Int. Appl. (2016), WO 2016100452 A2<br></p>

<p>Applications 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic Acid is a useful building block in organic synthesis.<br>References Ghosh, Koushik, et al.: Angewandte Chemie, I.E., 55(27), 7821-7825 (2016);Vergne, Fabrice, et al.: Bioorg. &amp; Medi. Chem. Let., 14(18), 4607-4613 (2004)<br></p>

<p>Impurity Ciclopirox EP Impurity B/ USP Ciclopirox Related Compound B<br>Applications 6-Cyclohexyl-4-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one (Ciclopirox EP Impurity B) is a a dialkylated pyranone derivative.<br></p>

<p>Applications MNC is on the metabolic pathway for 2,4-Dinitotoluene degradation.<br>References Spangoord, R.J., et al.: App. and Environ. Microbiology, 57, 11, 3200 (1991)<br></p>

<p>Applications D-Lysine, HCl<br></p>

<p>Applications phenyl(pyridin-4-yl)methyl 4-methyl-2-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate (cas# 1281055-79-5) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Impurity Carvedilol EP Impurity E; Carvedilol Impurity E; Carvedilol USP E<br>Applications 2-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)ethylamine Hydrochloride (Carvedilol EP Impurity E; Carvedilol Impurity E; Carvedilol USP E) is an impurity of Carvedilol synthesis.<br>References Smith, L., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 20, 1653 (1977),<br></p>

<p>Applications α-(2,3-Dimethylphenyl)-α-methyl-1H-imidazole-5-methanol is used as a reagent in the synthesis of Medetomidine (M203250); an α2-adrenergic agonist. Also a sedative and analgesic.<br>References Scheinin, M., et al.: Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 24, 443 (1987); Stenberg, D., et al.: J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 10, 319 (1987); Virtanen, R., et al.: Eur. J. Pharmacol., 150, 9 (1988); Cullen, L.K., et al.: Br. Vet. J., 152, 519 (1996); Chen, W., et al.: Faming Zhuanli Shenqing. CN 101921234 A 20101222. Dec 22, 2010<br></p>

<p>Applications potassium 4-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate (cas# 1607261-66-4) is a useful research chemical.<br></p>

<p>Stability Air Sensitive<br>Applications 4-Chloro-2-methylaniline<br> Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package<br></p>

<p>Applications (4S)-4-Hydroxy-L-isoleucine is 4S isomer of 4-Hydroxyisoleucine, which is used as a treatment for type II diabetes.<br>References Martinez-Force, E., et al.: Biotechnol. Tech., 5, 209 (1991); Sauvaire, Y., et al.: Diabetes, 47, 206 (1998), Narender, T., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2006, 16, 293 (2006);<br></p>

<p>Applications Labelled analogue of L-Vailne. L-Valine is an essential amino acid and one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids. L-Valine cannot be manufactured by the body and must be acquired through diet or supplementation. L-valine is found in grains, dairy products, mushrooms, meats, peanuts and soy proteins. L-Valine has been used in studies to attenuate arrhythmias and induce hypotensive effects.<br>References Choi, C.W. et al.: Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 102, 15 (2002); Kolarski, D. et al.: Krmiva, 30, 155 (1988); Oba, M. et al.: J. Dairy Sci., 93, 2044 (2010); Mitrega, K. et al.: Pharmacol. Res., 64, 218 (2011);<br></p>