Enzyme Substrates

Caspase substrates are a class of pharmacological agents that regulate apoptosis. Caspases are proteases that cleave specific proteins in the cell, leading to apoptosis. Pro-apoptotic proteins activate caspases, while anti-apoptotic proteins inhibit them. Caspase substrates can be either pro-caspase or anti-caspase, depending on the desired effect. They may also be used to regulate caspases without affecting their activity. The caspase substrate is cleaved by caspases and releases a polypeptide fragment that triggers apoptosis in some cells, but not others. For example, the Hl-60 cell line is resistant to the pro-apoptotic effects of the substrate because it contains an anti-apoptotic protein called Bcl-2. In contrast, myocardial cells contain pro-apoptotic proteins and are sensitive to the pro-apoptotic effects of the substrate. In

6-Chloro-7-hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin is a fungicide that inhibits the growth of fungi by interfering with their DNA synthesis. It does this by inhibiting the activity of two enzymes: the fungal enzyme oxime and the enzyme cinerea, which is found in many fungi. 6-Chloro-7-hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin has been shown to be effective against Alternaria and Botrytis cinerea. The compound also has an antifungal effect against other types of fungi, such as Penicillium roqueforti, when used in combination with a solvent such as ether.

3-Carboxyumbelliferyl b-D-galactopyranoside is a fluorescent probe that can be used to study protein synthesis in live cells. It binds to the active site of the enzyme peptidyl transferase, which catalyzes the covalent linkage of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. 3CMBG is specific for the amino acid proline and is a substrate for peptidyl transferase. The fluorescence of 3CMBG increases when it is bound to peptidyl transferase, making it useful as a marker for protein synthesis.

4-Trifluoromethylumbelliferyl a-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid is a fluorescent chemiluminescent substrate that is used in the detection of beta-galactosidase activity. Beta-galactosidase catalyzes the hydrolysis of 4-trifluoromethylumbelliferyl a-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid to form 4-trifluoromethylumbelliferone and D-galactose, which emits light at approximately 480 nm. This reaction can be detected by fluorescence spectrophotometry using a fluorometer or photometer. 4TFUNA is not toxic, does not inhibit enzymes, and has been tested for toxicity and mutagenicity using bacteria and mammalian cells.

4-Methylumbelliferyl 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-trifluoroacetamido-b-D-glucopyranoside is a fluorogenic substrate specifically designed for the detection and quantification of hexosaminidase enzymes. Upon cleavage by the target enzyme, it generates a bright fluorescent signal facilitating the investigation of enzyme activity, screening of inhibitors, and diagnostics.

2-Nitrophenyl 2,3-di-O-acetyl-b-D-xylopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate used to assay the activity of xylosidase enzymes. It is hydrolyzed by xylosidase to yield a yellow-colored product, 2-nitrophenol, which absorbs light at 405 and 410 nm. This substrate is used in research to study the function of xylosidase enzymes and their role in various biological processes. It is also used in diagnostic tests for the detection of xylosidase activity in different microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi.

4-Bromo-2-nitrophenyl b-D-galactopyranoside is a chemiluminescent substrate that reacts with an excess of luciferase to produce light. It is used as a reagent in the detection of ATP, NADH, and other compounds in biochemistry and biology. 4-Bromo-2-nitrophenyl b-D-galactopyranoside is also used in diagnostic kits for detecting bacterial or fungal contamination in food.

2-Chloro-4-nitrophenyl a-D-fucopyranoside (CNPF) is a chromogenic enzyme substrate used primarily to detect fucosidase activity. CNPF is cleaved by the enzyme, which results in the release of a colored product that can be measured spectrophotometrically. Fucosidases are important enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fucose-containing oligosaccharides, and CNPF is a commonly used substrate for the detection and quantification of these enzymes in various research studies.

2-Nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-acetyl-4-O-[2-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-a-L-fucopyranosyl)]--2-deoxy--bDglucopyranoside is an acylated glucopyranoside that is used as a substrate for the enzyme β -galactosidase. When hydrolyzed by β -galactosidase, it yields a blue product that has been widely used in chemiluminescence and bioluminescence assays. It also can be used for staining and ligand binding studies.

5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-indolyl palmitate is a magenta enzyme substrate that is widely used in the study of lipase and esterase enzymes. This compound consists of an indole ring with bromine and chlorine atoms at positions 5 and 6, respectively, and a palmitate moiety esterified to the indolyl ring. The palmitate group is a long-chain fatty acid, making this substrate particularly useful for investigating enzymes that hydrolyze ester bonds in lipids. Upon cleavage by lipases or esterases, 5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-indolyl palmitate releases a magenta-colored product, which can be easily detected and quantified to measure enzyme activity.

Aldol® 515 L-proline amide is a chromogenic and fluorogenic enzyme substrate used for detection of L-proline aminopeptidase activity. The colorless enzyme substrate is cleaved by L-proline aminopeptidase produced by microorganisms grown in liquid or solid media, yielding red-orange color. In addition, red fluorescence signals are generated when a fluorescence enhancer or a suitable matrix is present. Aldol® 515 L-proline amide is suitable for use under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

2-Bromo-4-nitrophenyl b-D-galactopyranoside is a chemiluminescent substrate that is used for the detection of β-galactosidase activity in the biochemical reaction. It has been shown to be an excellent ligand for metal ions and can be used as a reagent in the determination of metal ions in biological systems. This product is manufactured with high purity and quality, which ensures its suitability for use in culture media, environmental testing, and diagnostics. 2-Bromo-4-nitrophenyl b-D-galactopyranoside has been tested as a fluorogenic substrate for β-galactosidase. It has also been used as a chromogenic substrate for β-galactosidase and an enzyme substrate for β-galactosidase. This product can be conjugated with other molecules such as biotin to enable rapid analysis of proteins or