Metabolismo

<p>11-Hexadecenoic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid, comprises both 11-cis-hexadecenoic acid and 11-trans-hexadecenoic acid. These isoforms are present in ewe milk fat and their concentrations increase when the diet is supplemented with lipids from linseed, sunflower, olive, or fish oils. Additionally, 11-trans-hexadecenoic acid is found in intramuscular fat of both male and female foals. The product is a blend of the 11-cis and 11-trans forms. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1208]</p>

<p>Quizalofop (Xylafop) is a reagent of biochemical.</p>

<p>Inz-1 is an effective and fungal-selective inhibitor of mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 with IC50s of 8.092 and 45.320 μM for yeast and human.</p>

<p>G1-OC2-K3-E10, an ionizable lipid, facilitates mRNA delivery through lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) [1].</p>

<p>Sch59498 is a potent phosphodiesterase 1c (Pde1c) inhibitor.</p>

<p>Darodipine (PY-108068) is a dihydropyridine type Ca+2 antagonist.</p>

<p>9(Z),11(E)-Conjugated Linoleic Acid Methyl Ester, identified in lemon grass (C. flexuosus), serves as a standard for quantifying conjugated linoleic acids in thermally stressed olive oil and trans fats in bakery products. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1255]</p>

<p>Anticancer agent 121, a human lactate dehydrogenase A (hLDHA) inhibitor, exhibits potent anticancer activities, suitable for use in anticancer research [1].</p>

<p>M5N36: selective Cdc25C inhibitor, IC50: 0.15µM A, 0.19µM B, 0.06µM C; halts cell growth, boosts p-CDK1/2.</p>

<p>Quetiapine sulfoxide hydrochloride is a main metabolite of Quetiapinem. Quetiapine is a 5-HT receptors agonist and a dopamine receptor antagonist.</p>

<p>DPM-1001 is an orally bioavailable and non-competitive protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) inhibitor (IC50: 100 nM) with the anti-diabetic property.</p>

<p>hCAIX-IN-15 is a potent inhibitor of human carbonic anhydrase IX (hCA IX) with an inhibition constant (Ki) of 38.8 nM, exhibiting broad-spectrum anticancer</p>

<p>α-Glucosidase-IN-28 (Compound 18) is an α-glucosidase inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.62 μM and Ki value of 3.93 μM.</p>

<p>ICMT-IN-39, also known as compound 18, functions as an inhibitor of ICMT with an IC50 value of 0.031 µM [1].</p>

<p>Safinamide acid, a potential impurity in commercial safinamide preparations and a degradation product of safinamide under thermal and oxidative stress, is encountered in the pharmaceutical formulation process.</p>

<p>hCAIX/XII-IN-8 (compound 3g) is a potent inhibitor of the human carbonic anhydrases (CAs) IX and XII, with inhibition constants (K i) of 8.5 nM for CA IX and 6.</p>

<p>Leukotriene C4 (14,15-LTC4) is an inflammatory mediator synthesized from arachidonic acid through the actions of 15- and 12-lipoxygenases (LOs), involving intermediates such as 15-HpETE and 14,15-LTA4. Unlike the majority of leukotrienes formed via the 5-LO pathway, 14,15-LTC4 is an eoxin predominantly produced by eosinophils, although mast cells and nasal polyps can also synthesize it. While its physiological roles are not well understood, 14,15-LTC4 exhibits limited contractile activity on guinea pig ileum and pulmonary parenchyma. However, it can increase vascular permeability in human endothelial cell monolayers in vitro with potency comparable to 5-LO-derived leukotrienes, contributing to plasma leakage characteristic of inflammation.</p>

<p>Cav 3.2 Inhibitor 4 (Compound 21) is a selective and potent inhibitor of the T-type calcium channel (Ca v 3.2), demonstrating peripheral restriction with an</p>

<p>Perindopril acyl-β-D-glucuronide is a metabolite of the ACE inhibitor perindopril [1].</p>

hCAIX-IN-16 (Compound 12d), an inhibitor of hCA IX, exhibits inhibition constants (K i) of 190.0 nM for hCA IX and 187.9 nM for hCA XII.

<p>DLPA is a phosphatidic acid (PA) that incorporates the medium-chain lauric acid (12:0).</p>

<p>BI-11634 is a factor Xa inhibitor.</p>

<p>EMD638683 is a highly selective SGK1 inhibitor with IC50 of 3 μM. EMD638683 S-Form is the S-form of EMD638683.</p>

<p>VU0364739, a selective phospholipase D2 (PLD2) inhibitor with an IC50 of 22 nM, effectively reduces cancer cell proliferation [1].</p>

<p>BMS-986172 is an orally active, highly selective inhibitor of MGAT2, demonstrating inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 4.6 nM for human MGAT2 (hMGAT2) and 20 nM</p>

<p>1-Isopropyltryptophan (1-IsoPT), an IDO1 inhibitor, suppresses the expression of IDO-1 and IDO-2 mRNA induced by IFN-γ stimulation [1].</p>

<p>PHD-IN-1 (compound 80) serves as a potent PHD2 inhibitor, exhibiting an IC50 value of ≤5 nM.</p>

<p>IDO1/TDO-IN-6 (compound 11) is a dual inhibitor targeting IDO1 and TDO, exhibiting IC50 values of 2.25 μM for IDO1 and 2.89 μM for TDO.</p>

GSK2973980A is a selective Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) inhibitor (IC50: 3 nM).

<p>Imiglitazar (TAK559) is a potent PPAR-β/δ receptor agonist with hypoglycemic effects.</p>

<p>Docosatrienoic acid is a rare omega-3 fatty acid; Ki value is 5×M, which inhibits the binding of LTB4 to porcine neutrophil membrane.</p>

<p>Cyclophellitol aziridine, an analogue of cyclophenol, serves as a potent inhibitor of β-glucosidase [1].</p>

<p>GSK2647544 inhibits Lp-PLA2, a pro-inflammatory enzyme from macrophages, orally active, calcium-independent.</p>

<p>ICMT-IN-4 (compound 28) serves as an inhibitor of ICMT, exhibiting an IC50 value of 0.27 μM [1].</p>

<p>ICMT-IN-14 (compound 50) serves as an inhibitor of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT), exhibiting potent activity with an IC50 of 0.025 μM [1].</p>

<p>Cis-8-Octadecenoic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid and isomer of oleic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, trans-petroselinic acid, and cis-petroselinic acid, is present in partially hydrogenated vegetable oil and milk fat.</p>

<p>PDP-EA is an activator of fatty acid amide hydrolase(FAAH) and enhances the amidohydrolase activity of FAAH.</p>

<p>EMT inhibitor-2 blocks CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 (IC50: 49.72, 5.54 μM) and prevents IL-1β/TGF-β-induced EMT.</p>

<p>Compound 1e, also known as ALP/Carbonic anhydrase-IN-1, is a dual inhibitor targeting both carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes II, IX, and XII, as well as alkaline</p>

<p>Kelatorphan is an enkephalin degrading enzyme full inhibitor.</p>

<p>ICMT-IN-49 (Compound 2) acts as an ICMT inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.12 μM [1].</p>

<p>Autotaxin-IN-5 is an Autotaxin inhibitor. It has the potential to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.</p>

<p>Glucocerebrosidase-IN-1 (compound 11a) hydrochloride is a potent, selective GCase (glucocerebrosidase) inhibitor with IC50 and Ki values of 29.3 μM and 18.5 μM</p>

<p>Glucosamine Cholesterol, also known as N-Cholesteryl succinyl glucosamine, is a lipid conjugate derived from glucosamine. It plays a crucial role in the development of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) [1].</p>

<p>Anandamide (AEA), an endogenous cannabinoid, interacts with both central (CB1) and peripheral (CB2) cannabinoid receptors. Its effects are concluded through the cellular uptake and enzymatic breakdown of its amide bond by fatty acid amide hydrolase. Arachidonoyl-N-methyl amide, an analog of anandamide, specifically targets the human CB1 receptor, displaying a binding affinity with a Ki of 60 nM. It completely inhibits rat glial gap junction intercellular communication at a concentration of 50 µM.</p>

<p>COX-2-IN-30, a benzenesulfonamide derivative, is an orally active, dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2; IC50 = 49 nM) and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1; IC50 =</p>

<p>Hypogeic acid is isolable from cultures of autotrophic bacteria linked to sulfate accumulation in biofilters [1].</p>

<p>ICMT-IN-52 (compound 44) serves as an ICMT inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.052 μM [1].</p>

<p>11β-13,14-Dihydro-15-keto PGF2α, a PGD2 metabolite in the 15-hydroxy PGDH pathway, is formed in human males upon infusion or inhalation of tritiated PGD2, with peak plasma levels of both 11β-PGF2α and 11β-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α observed within 10 minutes. In human lung homogenates, PGD2 is metabolized firstly to 11β-PGF2α and subsequently to 11β-15-keto-PGF2α in the presence of NAD+, but not to 11β-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α. Conversely, guinea pig liver and kidney homogenates can metabolize PGD2 to 11β-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α via 11β-PGF2α, with both NAD+ and NADP+ being requisite for this conversion.</p>

<p>ZK824190: oral uPA inhibitor, IC50 - uPA 237 nM, tPA 1600 nM, Plasmin 1850 nM.</p>

<p>Taurohyocholic acid (THCA), a taurine-conjugated form of porcine-specific primary bile acid hyocholic acid, inhibits cholesterol crystal precipitation by stabilizing cholesterol in the liquid-crystalline phase and prevents cholestasis and cellular necrosis in isolated rat livers induced by taurolithocholic acid. Additionally, THCA levels rise in the urine of patients with hepatitis B-induced cirrhosis.</p>

<p>PDE1-IN-2 is an PDE1 inhibitor(PDE1C, PDE1B and PDE1A with IC50 values of 6, 140 and 164 nM, respectvely).</p>

<p>GSK2256294A (GSK 2256294) is potent, selective inhibitor of recombinant human, rat and mouse sEH with IC50 of 27 pM, 61 pM and 189 pM, respectively.</p>

<p>ICMT-IN-33 (compound 73) functions as an ICMT inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.46 μM [1].</p>

<p>Desacetyl bisacodyl, the active metabolite of the laxative bisacodyl, evokes epithelial Cl(-) secretion in the rat colon and rectum, in addition to increasing</p>

<p>Potent LXR agonist; AC50: 1.5 nM (LXR-α), 12 nM (LXR-β); potential in atherosclerosis research.</p>

<p>HIF-2α-IN-13 (18) acts as a HIF-2α inhibitor and exhibits an IC 50 value of 2.7 μM.</p>

<p>WT IDH1 Inhibitor 2 blocks wild-type and R132H mutant IDH1 (IC50: 120 nM); related to GSK321.</p>

<p>DORI, a cationic lipid, efficiently delivers plasmid DNA in vitro, exhibiting lower cytotoxicity and high transfection efficiency [1].</p>

<p>GPX4-IN-4 (Compound 24) serves as a potent inhibitor of GPX4, applicable in cancer research [1].</p>

<p>PHD2-IN-1, a potent and orally active HIF prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) inhibitor, exhibits an IC50 of 22.53 nM and is applicable in anemia research [1].</p>

<p>AR453588 hydrochloride is an orally bioavailable anti-diabetic glucokinase activator (EC50: 42 nM) with anti-hyperglycemic activity.</p>

<p>DOG-IM4 is a chemical compound instrumental in synthesizing nanoparticles for delivering antigen-encoding nucleic acids, targeting a broad range of conditions including autoimmune diseases, rare blood or metabolic disorders, allergies, cancer, and infectious diseases [1].</p>

<p>CA Inhibitor 12 strongly blocks CA II (K_i 1.72 nM), also inhibits CA I (271 nM), shows anticancer effects.</p>

<p>GGTI-2133: potent GGTase I inhibitor, IC50=38 nM; blocks inflammatory cell invasion in mice asthma.</p>

<p>ICMT-IN-12 (compound 78) serves as an ICMT inhibitor, demonstrating an IC50 value of 0.42 μM [1].</p>

<p>LNK754 is a farnesyltransferase inhibitor. It is used for the treatment of cancer and Alzheimer's disease.</p>

<p>"(±)-2'-Hydroxy Ceramide (d18:0/18:0) is a sphingomyelin derivative isolated from mammalian platelets upon ADP stimulation [1]."</p>

<p>JP104 is an aryl carbamate that irreversibly inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) with a pIC50 value of approximately 8 [1].</p>

<p>RORγt inverse agonist 14 (8e) is a potent, selective, and orally active compound with an EC50 of 2.5 nM, exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity.</p>

<p>Lp-PLA2-IN-14 (Compound 19), an inhibitor of rhLp-PLA2, exhibits a potent inhibitory effect with a pIC50 value of 8.4.</p>

<p>1-Myristoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol, a triacylglycerol, features myristic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid at the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 positions, respectively. This compound is prevalent in mature human milk, infant formula fats, and butterfat.</p>

<p>5-OP-RU is a MAIT-activating ligand, a major antigen of MAIT cells, a mucosal adjuvant, and can be used to study Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.</p>

<p>Quetiapine sulfoxide dihydrochloride, a major metabolite of second-gen antipsychotic Quetiapine, modulates 5-HT and dopamine receptors.</p>

<p>N-Palmitoyl taurine, an amino-acyl endocannabinoid prominent in rat brain lipidomics profiling, accompanies multiple arachidonoyl amino acids isolated from bovine brain, including N-arachidonoylethanolamine (NADA) and N-arachidonoyl serine (ARA-S). Mass spectral lipidomic analysis of rat brain additionally revealed a series of fatty acyl amides with taurine. The function of N-Palmitoyl taurine is under investigation.</p>

<p>ICMT-IN-37 (compound 41) serves as an inhibitor of ICMT with an IC50 value of 0.308 μM [1].</p>

<p>glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor</p>

<p>Niraxostat (Y-700) is one of the isocytosine derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors.</p>

<p>N-type calcium channel blocker-1 is an orally active analgesic agent,shows high affinity to functionally block N-type calcium channels.</p>

<p>1,2-Dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(2R)-glycerol is a type of phosphoglycerol characterized by the presence of lauric acid at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1443]</p>

<p>SHP2-IN-21 (compound 208) is an inhibitor of SHP2, exhibiting an IC50 of 3 nM, and is utilized in glioblastoma research [1].</p>

<p>15-beta PGF2α, a biochemical compound, serves as a pivotal mediator in diverse physiological processes.</p>

<p>MS-444 (BE-34776) is an MLCK and HuR inhibitor with antitumor activity that can be used to study triple-negative breast cancer and colorectal cancer.</p>

<p>PDE7-IN-3 (Example 2) serves as an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase PDE7 and exhibits potential analgesic properties.</p>

<p>Raloxifene Bismethyl Ether hydrochloride is a Raloxifene metabolite and an estrogen receptor inactive compound on which both hydroxyl groups are absent.</p>

<p>IDO1/2-IN-1 hydrochloride: Dual IDO1/2 inhibitor, IC50 of 28/144 nM, oral, with antitumor properties.</p>

<p>HSD17B13-IN-3 (compound 2) is a potent inhibitor of hydroxysteroid 17ß-dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13), lacking cellular experimental activity [1].</p>

<p>1-Deazaadenosine, an adenosine deaminase inhibitor (Ki: 0.66 μM), may treat cancer, particularly lymphoproliferative disorders.</p>

<p>CMI-392 is a dual 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor and platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist (IC50s: 100 and 10 nM).</p>

<p>DNCA, a neutral lipid, facilitates the creation of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and is instrumental in [nucleic acid delivery](1).</p>

<p>SMS1-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS1, IC50 = 2.1 μM), and can be used in the atherosclerosis studies.</p>

<p>ICMT-IN-31 (compound 68) serves as an ICMT inhibitor, demonstrating significant potency with an IC50 value of 0.0038 μM [1].</p>

<p>Tetramyristoylcardiolipin (TMCL), an anionic lipid, plays a crucial role in studying cell membrane function and drug delivery mechanisms [1].</p>

<p>1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-stearoyl-rac-glycerol, a primary triacylglycerol in cocoa butter, features palmitic acid (at the sn-1 position), oleic acid (at the sn-2 position), and stearic acid (at the sn-3 position).</p>

<p>Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are endogenous lipids that are influenced by fasting and high-fat diets and linked to improved insulin sensitivity in mice. These compounds typically feature a chain of either 16 or 18 carbon atoms (for example, palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) esterified with a hydroxy fatty acid chain of similar length. One specific FAHFA, known as 5-OAHSA, consists of oleic acid bonded to the fifth carbon of hydroxy stearic acid. Within the FAHFA family, OAHSAs exhibit the highest serum levels in AG4OX mice, which are known for their glucose tolerance attributed to the overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter in adipose tissue.</p>

<p>ICMT-IN-23 (compound 36) serves as an inhibitor of ICMT, exhibiting a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.123 μM [1].</p>

<p>FAS-IN-1 Tosylate is an effective fatty acid synthase inhibitor;Has an IC50 of 10 nM.</p>

<p>E-5324 is potent cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor (IC50s: 44 to 190 nM).</p>

<p>Arbaprostil, a synthetic PGE analog, guards stomach lining, aids ulcer healing, and blocks pancreatic function and tumor growth.</p>

<p>MT-3014: Strong, selective brain-penetrating PDE 10A inhibitor; IC50 0.062 nM (human), 0.09 nM (bovine).</p>