TGF-beta/Smad

3,7-Dimethylfumarate (3,7-DMF) serves as an oral inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1)-mediated hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation.

Myristoyl Tetrapeptide-12 activates SMAD2 and facilitates the association of SMAD3 with DNA, promoting eyelash hair growth [1] [2].

(+)-ITD-1 is an inhibitor of TGF-β, effectively inhibiting TGF-β2 with an IC50 of 0.46 μM. It promotes the degradation of the TGF-β type II receptor (TGFBR2) and the differentiation of cardiomyocytes. Additionally, it suppresses the formation of the mesoderm during the early differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs).

CDD-1431 is a highly selective BMPR2 kinase inhibitor with a Kiapp of 20.6 nM. It inhibits BRE reporter gene activity, exhibiting an IC50 of 4.87 μM. BMPs regulate cellular processes across various tissue types such as the kidneys, skeletal muscle, heart, and reproductive organs, and can induce ectopic bone formation.

Kartogenin (KGN) sodium acts as an inducer of chondrogenic tissue formation (EC 50: 100 nM). It promotes chondrogenesis by binding to fibrin A, disrupting its interaction with the transcription factor core binding factor beta subunit (CBFβ), and modulating the CBFβ-RUNX1 transcriptional program. Additionally, Kartogenin sodium aids tendon-bone junction (TBJ) wound healing by stimulating collagen synthesis. It is extensively utilized in cell-free therapies for cartilage regeneration and protection, tendon-bone healing, wound healing, and limb development. The compound is also vital for cartilage repair, coordinating limb development, and osteoarthritis (OA) research [1] [2] [3] [4].

TGFβRII-IN-3 (Compound 2r) is a selective inhibitor of the TGFβ type II receptor (TGFβ RII) with an IC50 of 4.1 μM. It inhibits TGFβ signaling by promoting protein degradation of TGFβ RII. Additionally, TGFβRI-IN-7 can block the transition from endothelial to mesenchymal states and inhibit cell migration, making it useful for cancer research.

TGFβ1-IN-1 is a TGF-β1 inhibitor that inhibits the production of TGF-β1-induced fibrosis markers (α-SMA and fibronectin) and can be used in cancer research.

TGFβRI-IN-3 inhibits TGFβR1 with an IC 50 of 0.79 nM with 2000-fold selectivity against MAP4K4.