Antibiotics

<p>Doxorubicin Impurity 2 is a chemical impurity of doxorubicin with no direct therapeutic action but used in research and quality control.</p>

<p>Nocardamine is a siderophore-based antioxidant, which is naturally derived from the soil-dwelling actinobacteria known as Streptomyces. Its primary mode of action involves the chelation of metal ions, effectively sequestering them and preventing metal-catalyzed oxidation reactions. By binding to iron and other transition metals, Nocardamine mitigates oxidative stress at a cellular level, which could otherwise contribute to cellular damage and dysfunction.</p>

<p>Sancycline hydrochloride is a tetracycline antibiotic, which is derived from the natural fermentation process of Streptomyces bacteria. The mechanism of action involves the inhibition of protein synthesis by bindin directly to the 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site of the ribosome. This action effectively halts the growth of bacteria by impeding protein production, making it bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal.</p>

<p>Ceftibuten is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a beta-lactam class of antimicrobial agents derived from Acremonium, a genus of fungi. This product is synthesized to resist degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes, which are commonly produced by resistant bacteria, thereby maintaining its efficacy against a wide range of bacterial pathogens.</p>

<p>Clofoctol is a bacteriostatic antibiotic with activity against Gram-positive bacteria, used in the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections.</p>

<p>Gentamicin C1 pentaacetate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research and analytical applications.</p>

<p>Leptomycin B is a bacterial secondary metabolite, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces sp. This compound is a potent nuclear export inhibitor with a mechanism of action that targets and inhibits the export receptor CRM1 (Chromosomal Maintenance 1), also known as Exportin 1. By binding irreversibly to CRM1, Leptomycin B prevents the nuclear export of proteins and RNA, disrupting the nuclear-cytoplasmic transport essential for cell function.</p>

Antiviral agent 17, EC50 0.015 μM in human assay, effective against murine norovirus, may aid infectious/malignant disease research.

<p>Pefloxacin-d3 is a deuterated fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is a synthetic derivative of pefloxacin utilized primarily for research purposes. This compound is chemically modified to include deuterium atoms, a stable isotope of hydrogen, thus offering unique properties essential for precise quantitative analysis in pharmacokinetic studies.</p>

<p>Nortopixantrone HCl (BBR 3438) is a novel 9-azacyclonopyrazole that shows antitumor activity in a human prostate cancer model.</p>

<p>Lumefantrine is an antimalarial compound with a mode of action that inhibits heme detoxification in Plasmodium parasites. It is used in combination with artemether for treating malaria.</p>

<p>Quinupristin, a macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotic, inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria.</p>

<p>Bleomycin A5 hydrochloride is an antineoplastic antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. Its mode of action involves binding to DNA and inducing strand breaks through the generation of free radicals, specifically targeting deoxyribose units. This leads to the inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell division, ultimately resulting in cell death.</p>

<p>Trombodipine (PCA-4230) is a platelet aggregation inhibitor with antithrombotic activity and protection against Listeria monocytogenes.</p>

<p>Laidlomycin is an ionophore compound with a mode of action that disrupts ion gradients in bacterial cells. It is used as a feed additive to improve feed efficiency in cattle.</p>

<p>7-epi-Clindamycin 2-phosphate is a semisynthetic antibiotic derivative, which is sourced from chemical modifications of the natural antibiotic lincomycin. This compound operates by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. It achieves this by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby obstructing the translocation steps in protein elongation.</p>

<p>14-Bromodaunorubicin HBr is a synthetic antitumor antibiotic derivative, which is a modified version of daunorubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic originally isolated from Streptomyces peucetius. With the inclusion of a bromine atom at the 14th position, this compound is designed to enhance the antitumor efficacy and alter pharmacokinetic properties compared to its parent molecule.</p>

<p>Cefazolin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is an effective cephalosporin antibiotic against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Cefazolin is used in clinical isolates to inhibit the growth of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus, resistant microorganisms, and systemic inflammation. Some studies has shown good results to inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) production in cell culture.</p>

<p>Hygromycin A is an antimicrobial compound isolated from the bacterium *Streptomyces hygroscopicus*. It functions by inhibiting protein synthesis within microbial cells. This compound disrupts the elongation phase of translation by binding to the ribosomal subunit, therefore impeding mRNA decoding during protein assembly.</p>

<p>Sisomicin sulfate is a sulfate salt form of sisomicin with similar action and applications as sisomicin.</p>

<p>Sulfadimethoxine sodium is a sulfonamide antibiotic with action on bacterial folate synthesis inhibition and is used for treating respiratory and urinary tract infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Spiramycin I is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating toxoplasmosis and bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Monensin is a polyether ionophore antibiotic, which is derived from the fermentation of the bacterium *Streptomyces cinnamonensis*. It operates by disrupting ion transport across biological membranes, primarily by facilitating the exchange of sodium and potassium ions. This ionophore action alters the osmotic balance in target cells, leading to their destabilization and death, particularly in Gram-positive bacteria and certain protozoa.</p>

<p>Azidamfenicol inhibits ribosomal peptidyltransferase with a Ki of 22 µM. Azidamfenicol is a broad-spectrum chloramphenicol-like antibiotic.</p>

<p>4-Demethyl daunomycinone is an anthracycline derivative, which is a natural or semi-synthetic compound derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces*. It is primarily studied for its potential use in anticancer therapies, given its structural similarity to other well-known anthracyclines like daunorubicin and doxorubicin. These compounds are known to intercalate into DNA, thereby disrupting the function of DNA and RNA synthesis, leading to the inhibition of cell proliferation.</p>

<p>Doripenem is a carbapenem antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating complicated bacterial infections like intra-abdominal infections and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Gentamicin C2 sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating severe bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Curvularin is a secondary metabolite, which is derived from the fungal genus *Curvularia*. This compound is produced through the natural biosynthetic pathways of filamentous fungi, specifically isolated from strains such as *Curvularia lunata*. Curvularin exerts its biological activity primarily through modulation of microtubule dynamics, making it a significant subject of study in cell biology. It disrupts the polymerization processes, impacting the assembly and stability of microtubules, which are critical components of the cytoskeleton involved in cell division, intracellular transport, and structural integrity.</p>

<p>Flucloxacillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic, which is derived from the penicillin family. It is synthetically produced through chemical modification to enhance its stability against beta-lactamase enzymes. The mode of action of flucloxacillin involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, which in turn inhibits the transpeptidation or cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains. This action leads to cell lysis and ultimately, bacterial death.</p>

<p>Gusperimus trihydrochloride is a derivative of the antitumor antibiotic spergualin with immunosuppressant activity.</p>

<p>Pristinamycin IA (Mikamycin B) is a substrate for the P-glycoprotein and a cyclo-peptidic macrolactone antibiotic.</p>

<p>Myxopyronin A is an inhibitor of bacterial RNA polymerase.</p>

<p>Trovafloxacin: broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone, blocks DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV and PANX1 channel (IC50=4μM).</p>

<p>Compound 6d (Antibacterial agent 159) is an antibiotic effective against impetigo and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), with no observed recurrence for CDI</p>

<p>Aranciamycin (Compound 1), an anthracycline antibiotic, exhibits collagenase inhibitory activity (IC50 3.7*10^-7 M) and can inhibit DNA synthesis in tumor cells</p>

<p>S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase is responsible for the reversible hydrolysis of SAH into adenosine and homocysteine. Inhibition of this enzyme leads to the accumulation of SAH within cells, thereby increasing the SAH to S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) ratio and subsequently inhibiting SAM-dependent methyltransferases. (−)-Neplanocin A, a potent and irreversible inhibitor of SAH hydrolase (Ki= 8.39 nM), exhibits significant antitumor activity against mouse leukemia L1210 cells and holds broad-spectrum antiviral properties. Its efficacy notably surpasses that of the reversible inhibitor 3-deazaneplanocin, especially in combating vesicular stomatitis, evidencing a higher potency with ID50 values of 0.07 μg/ml for Neplanocin A versus 0.3 μg/ml for 3-deazaneplanocin.</p>

<p>Calicheamicin (Calicheamicin γ1) is an antitumor antibiotic and is a DNA synthesis inhibitor. It also is a cytotoxic agent that causes double-strand DNA breaks.</p>

<p>β-Lactamase-IN-2 is an inhibitor of β-Lactamase with anti-microbial and anti-bacterial effects.</p>

<p>Oseltamivir acid methyl ester, a CES1-convertible neuraminidase inhibitor, serves as an antiviral prodrug.</p>

<p>N-Acetylpurinomycin is a selective agonist of CB2 receptor.</p>

<p>Rosoxacin (Acrosoxacin) shows antibacterial activities against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative bacteria including Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MIC90 = 0.03mg/ml).</p>

<p>AS-2077715, an antifungal agent, exhibits inhibitory activity against Trichophyton species and is derived from the fermentation broth of Capnodium sp. 339855. It is utilized in the study of fungal infections [1].</p>

<p>Caerulomycin A (Caerulomycin) (Cerulomycin; Caerulomycin) is an antifungal compound.</p>

<p>N-(3-Oxobutanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C4-HSL) serves as an autoregulator for carbapenem antibiotic biosynthesis in Erwinia carotovora ATCC 39048 and induces the expression of rhiI in R. leguminosarum [1].</p>

<p>Nilofabicin (CG-400549) is a potent inhibitor of enoyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase fall(FabI) and can be used in studies about the treatment of complicated</p>

<p>OM173-αA is a quinone bacterial metabolite that inhibits the growth of the bacteria M.</p>

<p>Alatrofloxacin is a prodrug of trovafloxacin.</p>

<p>CcpA-IN-1 is a Staphylococcus aureus antibiotic exhibiting significant bactericidal activity (MICs=460 nM) [1].</p>

<p>SDH-IN-3 is a succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibitor, demonstrating potent antifungal activity with an inhibition concentration (IC50) of 7.2 μg/mL and an</p>

<p>Annamycin, a semi-synthetic doxorubicin derivative, binds DNA, blocks topoisomerase II, and evades MDR, inhibiting DNA/RNA/protein synthesis.</p>