Cyano-, Nitrile-

2-Cyano-5-fluorobenzoic acid (2C5FBA) is a chemical that is synthesized by the reaction of sodium nitrite with methyl ester. It can be used in organic synthesis as a target product and can also be used as an intermediate for the synthesis of other chemicals. 2C5FBA has been shown to react with nitrogen to produce cyanide, which is toxic to humans and animals. 2C5FBA also reacts with acid methyl to produce methyl esters, which are often used as solvents in industrial settings.

4-Cyano-4'-hydroxybiphenyl is a phenolic compound that belongs to the family of compounds known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It has been shown to bind to a variety of receptors and is used in sample pretreatment for assays. 4-Cyano-4'-hydroxybiphenyl also has a number of uses in polymerization reactions, including cationic polymerization, which involves the reaction of an electron donor with an electrophile. The electron donor is typically a Lewis acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid or formyl chloride. 4-Cyano-4'-hydroxybiphenyl can be used as an amide coupling agent, which involves the reaction of an amine with another organic compound to form an amide bond. It also reacts with chlorine gas in iodination reactions to produce hypochlorous acid.

2-Cyanopyridine is a chelate ligand that is structurally related to picolinic acid. It binds to the active site of IDO1 and prevents the enzyme from converting tryptophan into kynurenine. This leads to an increase in tryptophan levels, which can then be used for protein synthesis. 2-Cyanopyridine has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria in vitro and in vivo. It also inhibits the growth of Gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and fungi by binding to the iron atom of their heme molecules. 2-Cyanopyridine has shown potential as a pharmacological agent or as a biochemical probe for transfer reactions.