Phenols

Raspberry ketone glucoside has lasting effects for the inhibition of melanogenesis and various melanogenic factors after the degradation in the skin.

Bakuchiol is isolated from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia, a tree native to China with various uses in traditional medicine, it shows bactericidal effects against all bacteria tested, including S. mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Actinomyces viscosus, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, with MICs ranging from 1 to 4 microg/ml and the sterilizing concentration for 15 min ranging from 5 to 20 microg/ml; furthermore, bakuchiol is also effective against adherent cells of S. mutans in water-insoluble glucan in the presence of sucrose and inhibited the reduction of pH in the broth; thus, bakuchiol would be a useful compound for development of antibacterial agents against oral pathogens and has great potential for use in food additives and mouthwash for preventing and treating dental caries.

Alnustone has anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic and antiemetic activities,

3,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone is an endogenous metabolite widely used in biochemical experiments and drug synthesis research.

Curculigoside has potent antioxidant, anti-osteoporotic, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective effects. Curculigoside can improve cognitive function in aged animals, possibly by decreasing the activity of AchE in the cerebra and inhibiting the expression of BACE1 in the hippocampus. Curculigoside exhibits potent inhibitory activity against matrix metalloproteinase-1 in cultured human skin fibroblasts, and increases the levels of ALP and Runx2 in osteoblasts under oxidative stress via anti-oxidative character.

3-Ethylphenol exhibits ciliate toxicity and inhibits Tetrahymena pyriformis, and is widely used in biochemical experiments and drug synthesis research.

Erianin, often used as an antipyretic and analgesic agent, it also has antiangiogenic action by inhibiting endothelial metabolism in a JNK/SAPK-dependent manner and inducing endothelial cytoskeletal disorganisation.

Paeonol , the main active compound of the traditionally used Chinese herb Paeonia lactiflora Pallas, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cardiovascular protective activities;Paeonol inhibits U937 monocyte adhesion to HUVECs stimulated by TNF-α, the inhibitory effect of paeonol on ICAM-1 production may be mediated by inhibiting p38, ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways, which are involved in TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 production, thus, paeonol may be beneficial in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis.

Dihydrokavain may play an important role in regulation of GABAergic neurotransmission, it non-competitively inhibits the specific binding of [3H]-batrachotoxinin-A 20-alpha-benzoate to receptor site 2 of voltage-gated Na+ channels. Dihydrokavain may treat sleep disturbances, as well as stress and anxiety.