Antimicrobials

Stability Hygroscopic
Applications Gentianose is a trisaccharide and phytochemical found in bitter gentian teas with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
References Olennikov, D. N.; et al.: Molecules, 20, 20014 (2015).

Applications 4,7-Dichloro-2-phenyl-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione is an intermediate in the synthesis of phthalic compounds, phthalazines, and quinones with antimicrobial activity.
References Marriott, G. J., et al.: J. Chem. Soc., 134 (1939); Katayama, H., et al.: Tetrahedron., 63, 6642 (2007);

Applications 1,14-Tetradecanediol is a bioactive component of Hybanthus enneaspermus with anti-microbial activity against microbes.
References Anand, T., et al.: Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 4, 646 (2012)

Applications Silver Bromide is used in the spectroscopic study of silver halides in montmorillonite and their antibacterial activity, also used in the antimicrobial compositions for use in wound care products.
References Sohrabnezhad, S., et al.: J. Photochem. Photobiol., 163, 150 (2016); Adams, L. L., et al.: From U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. (2016), US 20160220728 A1 20160804

Stability Air Sensitive
Applications Pentadecanal is found in the essential oil of verbascum thapsus. L, a species of mullein that is native to europe and is known to possess antimicrobial activitiy.
References Morteza-Semnani, K., et al.: J. Essential. Oil. Plants., 15, 373 (2012); Silva, R., et al.: Food. Chem. Toxicol., 53, 240 (2013);

Applications An epimer of L-Fructose that is a potential inhibitor of microbial activity in bovine lactoperoxidase system. A metabolite of Allitol.
References Al,-Baari, A.N. et al.: J. Food Prod., 74, 134 (2011); Carr, J.G. et al.: Phytochem., 7, 1 (1968);

Stability Volatile
Applications 2,3-Dihydropyran is used in the synthesis of potent and selective myeloperoxidase inhibitors useful as antimicrobial oxidants. Also is used to synthesize novel and selective σ1 receptor ligands.
References Soubhye, J. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 56, 3943 (2013); Diaz, J. et al.: J. Med. Chem., 56, 3656 (2013);

Applications (Z)​-​Ethyl 2-​chloro-​2-​(2-​(4-​chlorophenyl)​hydrazono)​acetate is a reagent used in the preparation of pyrimidine and pyrimidinone-based compounds for their use as antimicrobials.
References Abbas, I et al.: J. Hetero. Chem., 54, 3447 (2017);

Stability Hygroscopic
Applications α,α'-Dilaurin is a possible antimicrobial agent against gram-posistive organisms.
References Kabara, J., et al.; Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2, 23 (1972); Conley, A., et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 4, 501 (1973)

Applications Indolicidin is an antimicrobial peptide containing multiple tryptophan residues.

Stability Air Sensitive
Applications 4-(Phenylthio)-1,2-benzenediamine is used in the synthesis of bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophosphoryl-containing compounds which are potential anticancer agents. It is also used in the synthesis of 2-substituted-2,3-dihyrdro-5-thiophenoxy-1H-1,3,2-benzodiazaphosphole 2-oxides which exhibit antimicrobial activity.
References Rao, L. N., et al.: Phosphorus Sulfur, 177, 399 (2002); Rao, L. N., et al.: Phosphorus Sulfur, 158, 39 (2000)

Applications (1R,2S,3R)-1-(2-Quinoxalinyl)-1,2,3,4-butanetetrol is an intermediate in the synthesis of 2-Quinoxalinecarboxylic Acid (Q765265), a residue of Carbadox (C175825) which is an antimicrobial drug.
References Harms, A.E., et al.: Org. Proc. Res. Develop., 8, 666 (2004);

Bacitracin A is an antibiotic peptide, which is isolated from the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. It functions by interfering with the cell wall synthesis of bacteria. Specifically, Bacitracin A inhibits the dephosphorylation of the C55-isoprenyl pyrophosphate molecule, an essential lipid carrier that transports peptidoglycan building blocks to the growing cell wall. This disruption leads to the inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis, a critical component of bacterial cell walls, resulting in cell lysis and death.

Atisinium chloride is an organometallic compound, which is synthesized through advanced coordination chemistry techniques. The source of this compound lies in the strategic combination of organic ligands with metal centers, facilitating unique interactions that are pivotal to its functionality. The mode of action primarily involves the ability to participate in complex catalytic cycles, engaging in electron transfer processes that are essential for mediating chemical transformations.

This compound finds applications in specialized fields such as catalysis, where it is utilized to promote and drive reactions that may be inefficient under normal conditions. Its effectiveness in altering reaction pathways and increasing selectivity makes it valuable in synthetic chemistry and industrial processes. Additionally, atisinium chloride's unique properties might be leveraged in materials science for the development of novel materials with tailored functionalities. The intricate balance of its reactive properties and stability under varying conditions makes it a subject of ongoing research for further applications.

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Dicloxacillin sodium salt monohydrate is a beta-lactam antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating infections caused by penicillinase-producing bacteria.

4-Epianhydrotetracycline is a chemical compound that is a derivative of tetracycline, a well-known antibiotic. It is primarily a byproduct arising from the chemical degradation of tetracycline antibiotics, occurring under acidic or basic conditions. The source of this compound is the structural transformation of tetracycline, resulting in an altered molecular configuration.

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside

PF 1022A is a cyclooctadepsipeptide, which is a type of cyclic peptide composed of amino acids and hydroxy acids. It is derived from the fermentation products of the fungus *Mycelia sterilia*, a member of the *Rosellinia* genus. Its mode of action involves disrupting glutamate-gated chloride channels in parasitic nematodes, which leads to paralysis and eventual death of the parasite.

Ikarugamycin is a polycyclic nitrogenous antibiotic, which is derived from the fermentation of Streptomyces species, a genus of gram-positive bacteria. It acts primarily by inhibiting clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a cellular process involving the internalization of various macromolecules. This inhibition disrupts cellular uptake mechanisms, which has significant implications for its utility in biological research and therapeutic applications.

Radicinol is a natural compound, which is a dihydroflavonol primarily sourced from plant origins. This compound is biosynthesized in specific plant species and extracted through meticulous biochemical processes to ensure its purity and efficacy. The mode of action of Radicinol involves the modulation of specific cellular pathways, conferring antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. It acts by scavenging free radicals and enhancing cellular resilience against oxidative stress.

Bensulide-oxon is a metabolite derived from the organophosphate pesticide bensulide, which is predominantly used in agricultural settings. It forms as a result of environmental or biological processes that involve the oxidation of bensulide. As a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, bensulide-oxon disrupts normal neuronal signaling by preventing the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, leading to an accumulation that affects the nervous systems of target organisms.

Erythromycin lactobionate is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. Its mode of action involves binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to the suppression of bacterial growth. This mechanism effectively targets gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria, making it a crucial agent in the fight against various bacterial infections.

2-(1-Hydroxyethyl)-6-ethylaniline is an organic chemical compound, which is often utilized as an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, pigments, and other industrial chemicals. This compound is derived from aromatic amines and undergoes specific chemical reactions that enable its functionality in various synthetic processes.

1,4-Dihydro-2,3-benzodithiine is a synthetic organic compound, which is often utilized in the field of material science and chemical research. It is derived from aromatic dithiins, characterized by a unique heterocyclic structure containing sulfur atoms within its ring system. The compound’s mode of action primarily involves its ability to partake in various cycloaddition reactions due to the electron-rich nature of the dithiine ring, which can facilitate interactions with electrophiles.

Sofosbuvir impurity M is a chemical impurity, which is a by-product identified during the synthesis and manufacturing of the antiviral drug Sofosbuvir. This impurity originates from the complex chemical reactions involved in the production of nucleoside analogues, which are crucial in the formation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.

N4-Methyl-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-pyrimidine-2,4-diamine is a synthetic organic compound, classified as an antimicrobial agent. This compound is developed through chemical synthesis processes, derived from pyrimidine analogs, and is commonly used in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology research. It operates by inhibiting key enzymes involved in the folic acid pathway, crucial for bacterial growth and proliferation. By targeting this pathway, the compound prevents nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately leading to bacterial cell death.

Aliconazole is a triazole-based antifungal agent, which is a synthetic derivative developed through chemical synthesis. It functions by inhibiting the enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase, crucial in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, a vital component of fungal cell membranes. By disrupting ergosterol production, aliconazole compromises the structural integrity of the cell membrane, leading to increased permeability and eventual cell death.

Neticonazole hydrochloride is an antifungal agent, which is a synthetic imidazole derivative with potent antifungal properties. It is synthesized through a multi-step chemical process in a laboratory setting, designed to enhance its efficacy and stability. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of ergosterol synthesis, a critical component of fungal cell membranes. By hindering this pathway, Neticonazole hydrochloride compromises the integrity and function of the fungal cell membrane, ultimately leading to cell death.

Triadimenol-tert-butylhydroxy is a systemic fungicide, originating from synthetic chemical processes, characterized by its ability to inhibit fungal sterol biosynthesis. This sterol biosynthesis disruption occurs through the demethylation of lanosterol or 24-methylene dihydrolanosterol, which impedes the production of ergosterol, a crucial component in fungal cell membranes. The inhibition results in disrupted cell membrane integrity and impaired fungal growth, leading to effective control over a range of plant-pathogenic fungi.

Polymyxin E2 sulfate is a cyclic polypeptide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Paenibacillus polymyxa*. This compound acts by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane, specifically interacting with the lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids in the outer membrane, leading to increased permeability and eventual cell death. It primarily targets gram-negative bacteria, making it effective against a range of pathogens responsible for serious infections.

Ribocil-C (R enantiomer) is a synthetic small molecule, which is designed as an antibacterial agent specifically targeting the bacterial riboflavin synthesis pathway. This compound is derived from chemical synthesis methodologies, tailored to exploit the protonation state and steric configuration unique to the R enantiomer. Ribocil-C functions by selectively inhibiting riboswitch-mediated regulation in the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) riboswitch, disrupting the synthesis of riboflavin in bacteria. This targeted inhibition disrupts essential metabolic processes, critically hampering bacterial growth and viability.

Elsulfavirine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), which is derived from advanced medicinal chemistry efforts targeting specific interactions with the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase enzyme. The mode of action of Elsulfavirine involves the inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity by binding to an allosteric site on the enzyme, thereby preventing the transcription of viral RNA into DNA, a critical step in the HIV replication process.